Strategy quality managment in SABIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Procedure quality managment in SABIC - Essay Example Custom Technology Solutions (CTS, 2006) portray vital administration as ‘a blend of technique plan and procedure implementation’ (P.5). Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia’s biggest partnership is a worldwide innovator in the production of synthetic concoctions, manures, plastics and steel. The Saudi government is the larger part investor with a 60 percent stake with the equalization of offers dispersed among the Gulf Co-activity Council (GCC) nations of the Middle East. It has a significant nearness in Asia especially the Asia-Pacific locale, North America, Europe and Africa notwithstanding the Arabian Peninsula [Figure 1] (Asia Pacific News, 2008). Set up in 1976, SABIC has an expansive scope of grouped product enveloping ‘basic and halfway synthetic concoctions, polymer gums and polyesters, manures, metals and modern gases - essential structure obstructs for products’. These are found in the conglomerate’s 21 assembling firms utilizing more than 16,000 workers all around (Al-Abdulgader, 2007). The interest for petrochemical items has expanded all around subsequently guaranteeing SABIC future development possibilities are brilliant being perhaps the biggest maker on the planet with a rich characteristic source in Saud Arabia (Jaroudi, 2007). SABIC petrochemical creation has in this manner quadrupled in the course of the most recent fifteen years outperforming 45 million tons while targeting raising the creation to more than 100 metric tons by 2015 (Thomasson, 2007). The company’s extension plans focuses on the developing Asian development economies of China and India. In China, the country’s tremendous extension and advancement has implied it can't satisfy its need for polyolefin saps along these lines requiring 34 percent imports, which puts the Chinese market on SABIC plan. As indicated by SABIC’s nation director for China, Lee Lam Lee,

Saltasaurus - Facts and Figures

Saltasaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Saltasaurus (Greek for Salta reptile); articulated SALT-ah-SORE-us Natural surroundings: Forests of South America Chronicled Period: Late Cretaceous (80-65 million years prior) Size and Weight: Around 40 feet in length and 10 tons Diet: Plants Recognizing Characteristics: Moderately thin form; quadrupedal stance; short neck and legs; hard plates lining back About Saltasaurus As titanosaurs go, the South American Saltasaurus was the half-pint of the litterthis dinosaur just weighed around 10 tons drenching wet, contrasted with 50 or 100 tons for progressively well known titanosaur cousins like Bruhathkayosaurus or Argentinosaurus. (The titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era developed from the exemplary sauropods of the late Jurassic time frame, and are in fact included under the sauropod umbrella.) The dainty size of Saltasaurus requests a persuading clarification, given that this dinosaur dates from the late Cretaceous time frame, around 70 million years prior; at this point, most titanosaurs had advanced to the super-heavyweight class. The most probable hypothesis is that Saltasaurus was limited to a remote South American biological system, lacking inexhaustible vegetation, and advanced down so as not to debilitate the assets of its propensity. (Unexpectedly, Saltasaurus was the primary recognized titanosaur; it took extra disclosures for scientistss to understand that most individuals from this variety were substantially more noteworthy.) What set Saltasaurus and different titanosaurs separated from their sauropod precursors was the hard shield coating their backs; on account of Saltasaurus, this defensive layer was so thick and bumpy that scientistss at first mixed up this dinosaur (found in Argentina in 1975) for an example of Ankylosaurus. Obviously, infant and adolescent titanosaurs pulled in the notification of the various tyrannosaurs and raptors of the late Cretaceous time frame, and their back plates developed as an ostensible type of safeguard. (Not even the most arrogant Giganotosaurus would decide to focus on a full-developed titanosaur, which would have exceeded its adversary three or multiple times over!)

Berkshire Hathaway Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Berkshire Hathaway Company - Essay Example The organization is presently a holding organization that holds numerous assorted auxiliaries. What is the company’s Mission Statement? What is the company’s Vision Statement? Who are the Primary Stakeholders of the organization? Essential partners are the individuals who have an immediate intrigue or stake in the association. The partners of practically all the organizations are same. Partners can influence or be influenced by the activities of a business. The essential partners of Berkshire Hathaway incorporate the proprietor of the organization, the workers, its clients, providers, its loan bosses, the worker's guilds, its investors and the administration. The representatives of Berkshire have an extraordinary stake in the association since they are straightforwardly connected to the company’s execution (BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY, INC 2010) Similarly the investors share a similar stake in the matter of Berkshire Hathaway. What are the five powers of Competition and h ow they sway on the organization? The five powers of rivalry present in the earth and that influence the opposition incorporate the contenders of a firm, dealing intensity of providers, haggling intensity of the clients, new contestants and the substitutes accessible. Contenders of a firm outcome in contention. ... Berkshire Hathaway has awesome relations with its providers. In addition the organization claims such a large number of auxiliaries that it has a huge quantities of providers, along these lines bringing about a low dealing intensity of the providers. Taking a gander at the clients as a power, they have a high dealing power rather than the providers. Berkshire Hathaway praises its clients every which way. At that point comes the risk of the substitutes. Berkshire has an exceptionally various scope of business exercises and it offers such a large number of items to such a significant number of various markets. There is a risk of substitutes however Berkshire Hathaway has a solid money related and capital position that at whatever point there is an elective venture accessible in the market, it doesn't stop for a second in gaining that other option. Berkshire faces rivalry however the opposition isn't gigantic on the grounds that the quantity of firms present in the holding business isn' t exceptionally huge. There are just not many holding firms that equivalent the size of Berkshire Hathaway. So the opposition is low when contrasted with different businesses. All the powers of rivalry lead to contention, however on account of Berkshire these powers are not excessively serious and accordingly don't bring about gigantic competition. SWOT Analysis SWOT examination is an instrument that is utilized to investigate the qualities and shortcomings of the organization. It assists with deciding the chances and dangers presented by the outer condition. Fundamentally the investigation sets a course for the association with respect to how it should utilize its qualities to limit the dangers presented by the outer condition and furthermore to utilize the open doors so as to conquer its shortcomings. In spite of the fact that Berkshire Hathaway is entrenched keeping organization yet at the same time it is beyond the realm of imagination that it won’t have any shortcomings or

McDonalds Restaurant Research Assignment Paper - 1100 Words

McDonald's Restaurant Research Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: McDonalds RestaurantName:Institutions name:Date:McDonalds RestaurantMcDonalds is one of the greatest fast food restaurant chains in the world. The restaurant operates in 119 countries in the world and has an estimated to serve 68 million people on a daily basis. This retail giant has approximately 36, 615 fast food outlets. It was started in 1940 in San Bernardino, California by the McDonalds brothers Maurice and Richard as a barbeque restaurant. However, in 1948, the business was reorganized as a hamburger stand and the franchise business first opened in Arizona and Phoenix in 1953. Furthermore, in 1955, Ray Kroc who was a businessman joined the company as a franchise agent who finally bought the franchise from Richard and Maurice McDonalds. The company continued to grow and in 1967, this fast food franchise restaurant opened its first chain outside the US in Richmond, Canada (Gilbert, 2009). Today, the brand has proved why it is the best because it has branches ever ywhere. Above all, I chose it because it is a 24-hour restaurant offering low priced products and has the best customer service. At McDonalds (McDs), they know that time is money. Their customer service is fast and reliable as they do not keep customers waiting for their order. Therefore, McDonalds has met all my expectations, making me one of their loyal customers.For a fast food restaurant to be successful, it needs to be innovative, offer reasonable prices and have a menu that meets the need of every customer. The criteria that I used to select McDs are as follows; the restaurant has a quick service, low prices, children play area and a menu that offers a variety of products. These criteria are ideal for a fast food restaurant because people need quality and quick services while rushing at a fast food chain. People expect to have a variety of products to choose from at the most convenient time. Most people dont have time to cook due to work commitments among other activities. The refore, the only to save on time is to eat or buy food at a fast food restaurant such as McDonalds.The McDonalds restaurant is highly successful due to its quick services. An order is processed within 3 to five minutes. Most customers dont have time to wait for their orders for long. They prefer a restaurant where they will encounter a fast and reliable customer service. Furthermore, with the growth of e-commerce, one can make an order online and within a few minutes, the McDs delivery van or scooters are at your door step. They have very efficient delivery services. That is why the McDonalds restaurant has successfully beaten competitors. Quick services have distinguished McDonalds from other fast food restaurant (Gilbert, 2009). The first time I visited a McDonalds restaurant, I was amazed by their quick services. My order was processed within four minutes. The food was very fresh and delicious. I was very hungry and I was not disappointed. Since then, I have never looked back; I have been a very loyal customer and even recommended to my friends to visit the restaurant whenever they are in a hurry.The value for money is very important to every human being. The money language is recognized all around the world. The McDonalds company has the best pricing in the fast food industry. With $4-$8, one can purchase a whole meal. The products are very pocket friendly. Most people enjoy a eating at a restaurant that serves quality foods at affordable prices. McDonalds is no exception. The company knows that in order to attract more customers, it must offer low prices ideal for everyone from students to working individuals. In my experience, McDonalds has been my ideal restaurant because I am able to eat a whole meal as little as four bucks. It is convenient to me because I work part time and I dont have the money to spend on lavish eating in fancy restaurants. With McDs, the restaurant favors my every aspect of healthy eating at low prices. During weekends, my friends and I enjoy leisure time away from home and books by convening at a McDonalds outlet near our neighborhood and eat various delicacies because we can afford them.Least but not last, the McDonalds Company is very innovative. As part of its branding and marketing strategy, the outlets have a play area for kids ("McDonald's: Burgers, Fries More. Quality Ingredients," 2017). This is very important for couples with children and who would want to enjoy their time out at a restaurant, and their children given space to play and mingle with other children all under one roof. According to research, children have a lot of influence of the buying power of their parents (Aaker, 2013). Modern parents are very willing to please their children by buying more for them. McDonalds has capitalized on this aspect and that of the importance of play by having a children play area set aside for that. During my various visits at the franchise outlet, I realized that the company sponsors children with vouch er cards that allow them to have fries with any purchase during the year. Above all, the franchise is committed to childrens well-being by providing access to all sorts of games in the children play area. I experienced children playing in bouncing castles and spinning wheels among many more play platforms. Besides, the play area keeps children highly occupied and offers the parents time to comfortably enjoy their meals.Lastly, the criterion...

Regression analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4185 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER-14: INTRODUCTION TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION In a data set of bivariate distribution, there present a set of pairs of observations where each pair of the observations is expressed with numerical values of two variables. Telling alternatively, the bivariate distribution is intended in finding or analyzing relationship between two variables under study. In any scientific studies, the basic interest of the researchers is to find out the possible co-movement of two or more than variables under study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Regression analysis" essay for you Create order In the process of co-movement determination, there exist two important statistical tools popularly called as correlation analysis and regression analysis. Correlation analysis simply, is a measure of association between two or more variables under study. Where as regression analysis examine the nature or direction of association between two variables. Regression analysis is analyzed by classifying the variables in two classes like the dependent variables and the independent variables. Thus it tries to estimate the average value of one variable (dependent variable) from the given value of the other variable(s) (i.e., independent variables). Where as, the condition of correlation analysis is exactly the contrast of the regression analysis. In such a case the basic focus of the researcher is on measurement of the strength of relationship between the variables. In other wards the correlation analysis measures the depth of relationship between two variables where as the regression analysi s measures the width of the relationship between the variables. Again in regression analysis, the dependent variables are considered as random or stochastic and the independent variable(s) are assumed to be fixed or non-random. But in the correlation analysis all the variables are treated as symmentric and hence are considered as random. INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSIS The magnitude of association or relationship between the two variables can be measured by calculating correlation. Correlation analysis can be defined as a quantative measure of strength of relationship that exists between two variables. There are four types of relationship that may exists between two variables. They are: Positive correlation Negative correlation Linear correlation and Non-linear correlation. 1. Positive correlation: Two variables are said to be positively correlated when the movement of the one variable lead to the movement of the other variable in the same direction. In other wards there exists direct relationship between the two variables. For example, the relationship between height of the human being to their corresponding weight, income of the person with expenditure, price of the commodities and supply of the commodity etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable leads to the increase (or decrease) in the value of corresponding other variable. The nature of positive relationship between the two variables can also be shown graphically. If the data are inserted in two axis of a graph paper, then one will find an upward trend rising from the lower left hand corner of the graph paper and spreading upward upto the upper right hand corner. One can imagine the supply curve as explained in the economic theory. 2. Negative correlation: On the other hand, correlation between two variables is said to be negative when the movement of one variable leads to the movement in the other variable in the opposite direction. Here there exists inverse relationship between the two variables. For example, volume and pressure of perfect gas, income and expenditure on food items (Engelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law), change in price and quantity demanded of necessary goods () etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable causes corresponding decrease (or increase) in the value of other variable. In case of negative correlation between two variables, one will find downward trend from the upper left hand corner of the graph paper to towards x-axis. One can imagine the demand curve as explained in the economic theory. 3. Linear correlation: The correlation between two variables is said to be linear where the points when drawn is a graph represents a straight line. Considering two variables X andY, a straight line equation can be as where ___ are represented in real numbers. By using the above formula, with the constant values of ___ and different values of X and Y when plotted in a graph sheet, one will get a straight line. The linear relationship between two varoibales can be interpreted as the change in one unit of one variable (let X) results in the corresponding change in the other variable (let Y) in a fixed proportion. Thus when the above values of X and Y are represented in graph one will get a straight line. This type of relationship between two variables where a unit change in one variable (X here), the other variable (Y) will change in a constant proportion. However such relations are rarely exists in case of management and social disciplines. 4. Non-linear correlation: A relationship between two variables is said to be non-linear if a unit change in one variable causes the other variable to change in fluctuations. In other wards, if X is changed then corresponding values of Y will not change in the same proportion. Hence when data of X and Y when plotted in a graph paper one will not get a straight line rather a polynomial. The equation of getting such relationship is There can be also instances where there does not exist any relationship between two variables i.e., no correlation can be found between two variables. Such relationship is called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no correlationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. For instance, one wants to compare the growth of population in India with that of road accidents in United States. Such types of relations donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist logically. Hence correlation between such relations is said to be nil. METHODS OF MEASURING CORRELATION: Correlation between two variables can be measured by following ways. The Graphical method (through Scatter Diagram) Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation 1. The Graphical Method: The correlation can be graphically shown by using scatter diagrams. Scatter diagrams reveals two important useful information. Firstly, through this diagram, one can observe the patterns between two variables which indicate whether there exists some association between the variables or not. Secondly, if an association between the variables is found, then it can be easily identified regarding the nature of relationship between the two (whether two variables are linearly related or non-linearly related). 2. Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation Karl Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation (developed in 1986) measures linear relationship between two variables under study. Since the relationship is expressed is linear, hence, two variables change in a fixed proportion. This measure provides the answer of the degree of relationship in real number, independent of the units in which the variables have been expressed, and also indicates the direction of the correlation. It is known that ____ as an absolute value for determining correlation between two variables. This measures as a part of absolute measures of dispersion, depends upon the existence of two things like (i) the number of observations denoted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and (ii) the units of the measurement of the variables under study. The above relationship is explained by assuming that there is a data set which consists of two variables X and Y i.e., in terms of relationship it is denoted as (Xi , Yi) where I = 1, 2, 3,..,n. Assumed mean method: The assumed mean method for calculation of coefficient of correlation can be used when the data size is large and it will be difficult on the part of the researcher to calculate the mean of the series by using the direct method. In such case, a value from the series is assumed as mean and the deviations are calculated from the actual data to that of the assumed mean i.e., if, X and Y are two series of observation than are the deviation values of variable X and Y respectively. That is, , where, L and K are the assumed mean of series X and Y respectively. The formula for calculating Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation. The above methods derived to calculate the coefficient of correlation cannot be used to calculate the correlation between the two variables when the series of observations are in grouped forms i.e., with frequency distribution. In such a case, the formula for calculating Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation is: Assumptions of coefficient of correlation: The Karl Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation can be best derived with some assumptions. Following are some assumptions on which the validity of the coefficient resides. 1. The value of the coefficient of correlation lies between -1 (minus one) to +1 (plus one). When two values considered in a study are no way related with each other, then one can take for granted that the value of the coefficient of correlation is zero (0). On the other hand, if there exists relationship between two variables, it implies that all points on the scatter diagram fall on the straight line, then the value of correlation coefficient (rXY) is either extend upto +1 or -1, of course depending on the nature of direction of the straight line. It will be positive when the slope of the line is positive and it will be negative when the slope of the line is negative. Telling alternatively, if both the variables X and Y are related directly with each other than the value of the coefficient of correlation will be definitely positive. On the other hand, if there exist inverse relationship between the two values then the value of the coefficient will be negative. 2. The value of the coefficient of correlation is independent of the change of origin and change of scale of measurement. To prove this assumption, we have change the origin and scale of both the variables. When there will be change in origin and scale of the two values X and Y, the new equation will be where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used in the above formulas are constraints and measures change in origin and constraints à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used in the formulas denotes change in scale. Simplifying the above equations reveals that. RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: In research, no one can predict the nature of data. The information that is collected from the respondents may be expressed in numbers or may be in qualitative way or quite often they may be expressed in form of ranks. The greatest disadvantage of the Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation is that, it best works when the data is expressed in numbers. On the other hand, Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation, as discussed above, best works when the nature of the data is quantitative or expressed in numbers. Generally, when the nature of data is expressed in qualitative form like honest, good, best, average, excellent, efficiency, etc., and/or the data is expressed only in ranks, one has to apply the Spearmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s method of rank differences for finding out the degree of correlation. There are three different situations of applying the Spearmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rank correlation coefficient. When ranks of both the variables are given When ranks of both the variables are not given and When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal Each case derived above can be estimated by using separate formulas. a. When ranks of both the variables are given This is the simplest type of calculating correlation between two series. Here is the case where ranks of both the series are given and no two observations in a series are awarded same rank. The formula is where RXY denotes coefficient of rank correlation between two series of observations X and Y d is the difference between the two ranks and n is the number of observations in the series While calculating RXY, one has to arrange the given observations in a sequence. Then the difference in ranks i.e., d is to be calculated. The result shows a positive correlation between the judgments revealed by both the judges. However, since the value is not so close towards 1, hence, it can be said that there exists moderate relationship between the ranks assigned by both he judges. b. When ranks of both the variables are not given There may be certain situations where the rank of the both the series are not given. In such cases, each observation in the series is to be ranked first. The selection of highest value depends on the researcher. In other wards, either the highest value or the lowest value will be ranked 1 (one) depends upon the decision of the researcher. After the ranking of the variables, then d and d2 are calculated and the above formula can be applied. Following example will make the concept clear. The result shows a positive degree of correlation between the grade point average and total marks obtained by the students. c. When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal In empirical analysis, there is possibility of assigning same ranks to two or more observations. On the other hand, while ranking observations, there may be some situations where more than one observations are assigned equal ranks. Here, the ranks to be assigned to each observation are an average of the ranks which these observations would have got, if they differed from each other. For example, if two observations are ranked equal at 6th place. If we would rank separately to both these observations, than one will get 6 and the other will get 7. Thus the rank of both the observations will be (6+7)/2= 13/2= 6.5. Now the new ranks of the series who assigned 6 each will be 6.5 each. Similarly, there may be possibility that more than two observations of a series may be ranked equal. Here also the same technique of averaging as derived above is applied to get the new ranks of the observations. The formula for calculating the rank coefficient of correlation in case of equal ranks case is a little bit different form the formula already derived above. It is where d difference between ranks of two series and mi (i= 1, 2, 3, ..) denotes the number of observations in which the ranks are repeated in a series of observations. The example derived below will make the concept clearer. Interpretation of results of rank coefficient correlation: If the value of rank correlation coefficient RXY is greater than 1 (RXY 1), this implies that one set of data series is positively and directly related with the ranks with the other set of data series. In other wards, both the set of observations are directly related. Hence, a observation in one series definitely scores almost same rank in the other series. Where as, f the result of rank coefficient of correlation (RXY) is found to be less than zero (RXY On the other condition, let that the value of rank correlation coefficient will be exactly +1 i.e., (RXY = +1). Then it can be said that, there exists exactly perfect correlation between the two series of observations. Here each observation in both the series get exactly equal ranks. Where as, if rank correlation is -1 (RXY = -1), implies there exists exactly negative correlation between the ranks of two series. The possibility in such cases is such that, a observation which gets highest rank in one series is getting lowest rank in the other series. The last possibility is that of rank coefficient correlation is 0 i.e., (RXY = 0), implies that there do not exist any relation between ranks of both the series of observations. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS: When it is estimated by using the methods of correlation that two variables (or data series) are correlated with other and it is also tested that expression of such relationship between the considered variables are theoretical permissible, then the next step in the process of analysis is of predicting and/or estimating the value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. This task, in econometrics literature is called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regression analysesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Literary, the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means a backward movement. In general sense, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means the estimation and/or prediction of the unknown value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. Hence, it is a study of the dependence of one variable on other variable(s). Prediction or estimation of the relationship between two or more variables is one of the major discussion areas in all most all the branches of knowledge where human activity is involved. Regression, as one of the most important econometric tools is extensively used in all most all branches of knowledge like may be in natural sciences, in social sciences and also in physical sciences. But by virtue of the vary nature of most of the branches of social sciences (like economics, commerce, etc.) and business environment, the basic concern in these disciplines is to establish an econometric (or statistical) relationship between the variables rather than getting an exact mathematical relationship (core analysis tool used in natural sciences). For this reason, if, one could able to establish some kind of relationship between two variables (where one variable is considered as dependent variable and other variable(s) are considered as independent variables), then it can be expected that half of the existing purpose is almost solved. The credit for the development of this technique at first lies with Sir Francis Galton in the year 1877. Galton used this word for the first time in his study where he had estimated the relationship between heights of fathers and sons. This study ended with a conclusion that there is more possibility of having tall fathers with tall sons and vive versa. Again it also observed that, the mean height of sons of tall fathers was lower than the mean height of their fathers and the mean height of sons of short fathers was higher than the mean height of their fathers. This study was published by Galton through his research paper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary statureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Regression as a tool: Econometricians use regression analysis to make quantitative estimates of various theoretical relationships exists in the literature of social sciences and management, which previously have been completely theoretical in nature. For example, the famous demand theory of economics says that the quantity demanded of a product will increase when there is reduction in the price of the commodity and vice versa, of course with an assumption that the impact of other things being constant. Hence, anybody can claim that the quantity demanded of blank DVDs will increase if the price of those DVDs will decrease (holding all other factors as constant), but not many people can actually put numbers in to an equation and estimate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"by how manyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ DVDs quantity demanded will increase for each reduction in price of Rs. 1/-. To predict the direction of the change, one needs knowledge of economic theory and the general characteristics of the product in question (as the deri ved example is related to one of the economic theory). However, to predict the amount of the change, along with the data set, one needs a way to estimate the relationship. The most frequently used method to estimate such a relationship in econometrics is regression analysis. As already discussed above, regression analysis describes the dependence of one variable on another or more variables. It is now important to classify the terms dependent and independent variables that are the core of analysis of regression. Dependent Variables and Independent Variables Regression analysis, is a statistical technique that attempts to explain movements in one variable, the dependent variable, as a function of movements in a set of other variables, called the independent (or explanatory) variables, through the quantification of a single equation. To make this concept clearer, let us start our discussion by considering a simple example of generalized demand function of economic theory. The equation (1) derives a functional relationship between six factors (as in the right hand side of the equation) with one variable (as in the left hand side of the equation). In other wards, theoretically, quantity demanded (Qd) of a good or service depends on the six factors like the price of the good itself, money income of the consumer, prices of related goods, expected future price of the product itself, taste pattern of the consumers and the numbers of consumers in the market. In equation (1), quantity demanded is the dependent variable and the other six variables are independent variables. Much of economics and business is concerned with cause-and-effect propositions: If the price of a good increases by one unit, then the quantity demanded decreases on average by a certain amount, depending on the price elasticity of demand (defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded that is caused by a one percent change in price). Propositions such as these pose an if-then, or causal, relationship that logically postulates a dependent variable (Qd in our example) having movements that are causally determined by movements in a number of specified independent variables (six factors discussed above). The Linear Regression Model: In the regression model, Y is always represented for dependent variable and X is always represented for the independent variable. Here are three equivalent ways to mathematically describe a linear regression model. The simplest single-equation linear regression model can be written as: The above equation states that Y, the dependent variable, is a single-equation linear function of variable X, the independent variable. The model is a single-equation model because no equation for X as a function of Y (or any other variable) has been specified. The model is linear because it expresses the relationship of a straight line and if plotted on graph paper, it would be a straight line rather than a curve. The constants expressed in the equation are the coefficients (or parameters) that determine the coordinates of the straight line at any point. in the equation is the constant or intercept term; it indicates the value of Y when X equals zero. Thus it is the point on the y-axis where the regression line would intercept the y-axis. Where as, in the equation is the slope coefficient, and it indicates the amount that Y will change when X changes by one unit. Figure 1.1 illustrates the relationship between the coefficients and the graphical meaning of the regression equation. As can be seen from the diagram, equation 1.3 is indeed linear. The slope, , shows the response of Y to change in X. Since being able to explain and predict changes in the dependent variable is the essential reason for quantifying behavioral relationships, most of the emphasis in regression analysis is on slope coefficients such as . In figure 1.1 for example, if X were to increase from X1 to X2, the value of Y in Equation 1.3 would increase from Y1 to Y2. for linear ( i.e., straight-line ) regression models, the response in the predicted value of Y due to a change in X is constant and equal to the slope coefficient: We must distinguish between an equation that is linear in the variables and one that is linear in the coefficients (or parameters. This distinction is necessary because while linear regressions need to be linear in the coefficients, they do not necessarily need to be linear in the variables. An equation is linear in the variables if plotting the fuction in terms of X and Y genereates a straight line. An equation is linear in the coefficients (or parameters) only if the coefficients (the ) appear in their simplest from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not raised to any powers (other than one), are not multiplied or dived by other coefficients, and do not themselves include some sort of function (like logs or exponents). For example, Equation 1.3 is linear in the coefficients, but equation 1.5: Is not linear in the coefficients and Equation 1.5 is not linear because there is no rearrangement of the equation that will make it linear in the of original interest, and . In fact, of all possible equations for a single explanatory variable, only functions of the general from: are linear in the coefficients and .In essence, any sort of configuration of the Xs and Ys can be used and the equation will continue to be linear in the coefficients. However, even a slight change in the configuration of the will cause the equation to become nonlinear in the coefficients. For example, equation 1.4 is not linear in the variables but is linear in the coefficients. The reason that Equation 1.4 is linear in the coefficients is that if you define f(X) = X2, Equation 1.4 fits into the general form of Equation 1.6. All this is important because if linear regression techniques are going to be applied to an equation, that equation must be linear in the coefficients. Linear regression analysis can be applied to an equation that is nonlinear in the variables if the equation can econometricians use the phraseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? linear regression,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? they usually mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ regression that use the phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“linear regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, they usually mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ regression that is linear in the coefficients.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The application of regression techniques to equations that are nonlinear in the coefficients will be discussed in section7.6.

Kill A Mockingbird And Of Mice And Men - 978 Words

American History Represented in Stories They are victims. A victim is someone or something that is hurt by some unpleasant occurrence.The books To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men both depict several instances where people are victims. Both of these books tell a story in which the characters live through these tough conditions every day, from having no money to being victims of racial discrimination. To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men convey considerable understanding of an unstable era in American history through common events and lifestyles of people that lived through these times. There is an event in To Kill a Mockingbird that shows discrimination towards a colored man. As depicted in the book, Tom Robinson, a middle-aged black man, was being accused of raping a young white lady by the name of Mayella Ewell. During this specific time in history, whites were superior over any other minority. Tom was being held in a cell waiting for the trial to commence. Atticus Finch, the lawyer of Tom Robinson, decided to take a trip to the jail in which he was being held in. As he arrived, a squadron of cars pulled up. A group of white men stepped out of the vehicles and walked up to the jail in a sort of formation. These men showed up on this afternoon to lynch Tom Robinson. Luckily, Scout Finch started talking to one of the men, Mr. Cunningham. She said,† Tell him [Walter] hey for me, won’t you?†. His son’s name was Walter Cunningham. He ended up feeling bad for whatShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Kill A Mockingbird And Of Mice And Men1004 Word s   |  5 PagesAmerican History Represented in Stories The books To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men were written during the Great Depression. Both of these books tell a story in which the characters are living through these tough conditions every day, from having no money to being racially discriminated. To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men convey considerable understanding of a turbulent era in American history. There was an event in To Kill a Mockingbird that showed discrimination for a breed of man. AsRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice By Harper Lee And Of Mice And Men1238 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination and prejudice were very common acts in the early and middle 1900’s. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck prejudice is displayed by the acts of hate towards someone’s color of skin. People of color were the majority, that were treated unfairly. During this time in the southern states, black people had to use separate drinking fountains, bathrooms, churches, and even go to separate schools. Even though much of discrimination was driven towardsRead MorePrejudice Is Responsible For The Destruction Of The Innocent2173 Words   |  9 PagesIn ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird’ Atticus says that, ‘it is a sin to kill a mockingbird’. How far would you agree that prejudice is responsible for the destruction of the innoce nt in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by Harper lee and ‘of mice and men’ by John Steinbeck? I believe that prejudice is a key theme in both lee and Steinbeck’s novels. It is partly responsible for the destruction of the innocent; but there are other key themes that are equally responsible for this destruction such as: loneliness and religionRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men 1959 Words   |  8 Pagestheme throughout; especially in the relation to the destruction of the innocent. In Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird, the innocent characters (or ‘mockingbirds’) are generally characters who are misunderstood by the harsh society in 1930s America. This ranges from a lack of understanding or knowledge about mental illness in the case of Boo Radley, to pure racism in the case of Tom Robinson. In Of Mice And Men, there is a bigger focus on sexism, but again the lack of understanding towards people with mentalRead MorePrejudice By John Steinbeck And The Great Depression2000 Words   |  8 PagesIn both Lee and Steinbeck’s novels, prejudice is a key theme portrayed in a variety of different forms and is used as a way to degrade and discriminate the innocent characters. Lee’s title quotation ‘mockingbird’ represents those who are victims of prejudice, which is a large amount of characters as the novel is set in 1930 America, where the only properly respected people were white, mentally stable males. This is also shown by Steinbeck who uses the hopelessness of the Great Depression to put acrossRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1316 Words   |  6 Pages This year, we read a few different texts. Of Mice and Men, Farewell to Manzanar, and To Kill a Mockingbird all taught me many valuable life lessons. In To Kill a Mockingbird, it taught me that people are people, and you should never judge somebody based on social class or race. Before you start to judge somebody, you need to put yourself in their shoes and look at the situation based on their perspective. The life lesson taught in Farewell to Manzanar is to always have a positive attitude towardsRead MoreAmerican History : The Dark Past1556 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican History: The Dark Past Unique characters, stimulating story plot and surprising endings are some reasons people in literature believe the two novels To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck have maintained their long standing positions in American literature. Readers and critics alike spend much time searching for what distinguishes these novels from others. As plain and old these books may seem, their messages are not. To some, the messages of these novelsRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men 1839 Words   |  8 Pagesreasons behind actions. Of Mice and Men and To Kill a Mockingbird both have a cyclical structure to them. In Of Mice and Men, it begins with George and Lennie by the pond, and it also ends in the same area. This gives the impression that circumstances have changed and, considering the fact that the descriptions are different, the opening scene could be seen to foreshadow the events that are to follow and lead up to. To Kill a Mockingbird is similar in structure to Of Mice and Men, but it is different inRead MoreThe Inhumane Acts Of Uncle Tom s Cabin And Of Mice And Men 1530 Words   |  7 Pagesthe inhumane acts committed by men towards each other have shaped society and defined periods of time. The mastermind of inhumane acts, especially their state of mind, can be portrayed in a variety of ways, which may or may not affect the degree of inhumanity involved. Many different books were written about man’s inhumanity to man, to show how cruel people can be. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Be echer Stowe, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck are some examplesRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 PagesMythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and

Altered State of Consciousness free essay sample

Define Hypnosis and its development from ancient history rituals to present day practices in the medical field. Audience: American adults and college students Hypnosis, An Altered State of Consciousness In the beginning of time, there was a woman named Eve who lived in the Garden of Eden, a bountiful garden with many animals that roamed freely and fruit that grew plentifully. One day, Eve encountered a beautiful, mesmerizing fruit. This fruit was unlike any other, and its beauty captivated Eve. She wanted to eat it, but she knew it was forbidden by her master, God. This forbidden fruit forced Eve into a trance of desire. Eve became hypnotized by the forbidden fruit, so she took it from the tree and ate it! When God discovered that the fruit was eaten, he banned both Eve and her partner, Adam, from the Garden of Eden. Since the beginning of time, hypnosis was present in the human race. Mayo Clinic’s, â€Å"Hypnosis Definition†, which is supported by the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), specifies that hypnosis is a, â€Å"trance like state in which you have heightened focus, concentration, and inner absorption† (1). It can also be concluded, from a religious aspect, that the foundation of hypnosis originated when Eve took the forbidden fruit from the tree of life. She was hypnotized by the forbidden fruit, and forced to change her behavior by performing an evil act of disobeying God. Today, most Americans have a distorted, negative view of hypnosis, and many believe that it is like a magic show, where a person loses control of their body and performs abnormal behavior. Others believe that hypnosis is a dark art where people use some act of voodoo to traumatize and manipulate others. Although these views are overdramatized, theatrical, and quite terrifying, ancient history does show that the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews used acts of hypnosis to please religious gods. Even today’s medical field uses hypnosis to make the lives of chronic pain patients more bearable. Society has a negative view on hypnosis as being mind-altering and useless. However, hypnosis is progressive and useful for American adults and college students who wish to escape the daily anxieties of work and school. Actual hypnotic practices on oneself and others can be life changing. The development of hypnosis progressed over time through ancient civilizations and today’s medical field. Although American society perceives hypnosis as a useless, theatrical magic show, hypnosis has many additional uses in ancient healing practices and present day medical field therapies. The foundations of hypnosis can be traced to ancient rituals of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews. According to David Reeves’s â€Å"The Roots of Hypnosis†, the ancient Egyptians used hypnosis over 4,000 years ago for religious gatherings and healings within their â€Å"Sleep or Dream Temples† (1). These temples were healing sanctuaries where a sick person was put into a hypnotic trance, and additional priests and priestesses would observe the person’s behavior during this sleep-like state (2). The priests would then interpret the person’s dreams and propose needed guidance and healing. The earliest father of hypnosis was a worshipped Egyptian priest named Imhotep. Imhotep used the sleep temples as a psychological tool for the mentally ill. By putting individuals into a hypnotic state, many viewed Priest Imhotep as a god who could cast out evil spirits from the body and mind. Also, in ancient Greece, Greeks worshipped the healing god, Asclepios, within their Dream Temples. In these temples, priests would use chanting to put a person under hypnosis for up to three days. During this three-day trance, the priest’s chanting would relieve the mentally or physically suffering patient. Unlike the Egyptians and Greeks, the Hebrews used a different type of hypnosis called meditation. Under hypnotic meditation, an individual would perform chanting and breathing exercises; they would also fixate on Hebrew letters that would spell out their god’s name (4). During their time, the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews all used hypnosis in varied forms, such as, dream interpretation, chanting, and meditation to cure agonized patients. In John Ryder’s â€Å"Hypnosis: The Power of Trance†, today’s medical field uses hypnosis as a, â€Å"mind-altering state of consciousness that allows an individual to communicate with the subconscious part of the mind, therefore properly and skillfully promoting progress throughout the mind and body† (1). Hypnosis promotes an individual’s mental and physical progress with the use of hypnotherapy, which combines psychotherapy and hypnosis. Hypnotherapy guides an individual to gain control over behaviors or emotions that they wish they did not focus on. Hypnotherapy takes place when a patient meets with a licensed hypnotist or psychologist who is trained to perform hypnotic therapies. According to Susan Krauss Whitbourne’s â€Å"The How-To’s of Hypnosis†, a hypnotist will ask a patient to listen to their voice while they state and implant positive messages within that patient’s mind. Whitbourne further indicates that hypnotists influence a person’s mindset with the use of, â€Å"suggestion, focus of attention, relaxation, and imagery† (2). Mayo Clinic’s website additionally states that hypnosis is, â€Å"a procedure typically used along with certain treatments and therapies to help a wide variety of conditions† (1). This wide variety of conditions can include asthma, allergies, labor pain, chemotherapy, prevention of smoking, weight loss, work and school stress, athletic performance, dental procedures, and mental health conditions (2). Today, many Americans view hypnosis as an illusion, when in reality, hypnosis aids in numerous traumatic conditions and guides individuals to a happier, pain free lifestyle. In both ancient history healing practices and today’s medical therapies, hypnosis directs individuals who wish to control their undesirable emotions and behaviors. Self-hypnosis and hypnosis on others are both ways in which one can control these undesirable feelings and actions. Open Pain Journal’s â€Å"The Role of Suggestion in Hypnosis for Chronic Pain: A Review of the Literature†, states that hypnosis, â€Å"is an efficacious treatment for chronic pain and is found to be superior to active treatments on a variety of pain-related outcomes† (1). Open Pain Journal suggests to both American adults and college students that hypnosis is a superior treatment when relieving chronic pain. In addition, hypnosis can be used for those who do not experience chronic pain, but rather endure the daily stresses of school and work. Natural News’, â€Å"Hypnosis Improves Academic Performance and Reduces Test Anxiety for College Students† depicts an experiment where stressed out college students used self-hypnosis. Marie Carrese, a practicing psychologist in Long Island, New York, studied this experiment and outlined the benefits of teaching self-hypnosis to college students. Carrese taught college students to use hypnosis techniques such as relaxation and imagery usage (1). Not only college students, but American adults can use self-hypnosis to escape the daily anxieties of work. Although society views hypnosis as an impractical practice, hypnosis can assist Americans who experience the normal stress of life. Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that can aid in the positive progression of one’s own mental and physical ailments. Many Americans have a faulty interpretation of hypnosis and its expansion over time. Although hypnosis is perceived as a taged demonstration, it has multiple practices in ancient healing rituals and present day medical field therapies. The foundation and creation of hypnosis can be traced to the first ancient civilizations of the Egyptian, Greek, and Hebrew people. Their use of Sleep or Dream Temples to perform hypnosis assisted patients in physical or mental distress. They all used hypnosis in different forms such as: dream interpretation, chants, and meditation. Today’s medical field, on the other hand, uses hypnotherapy to aid those with a variety of harmful conditions. Some well-known conditions that use hypnosis include labor pain, prevention of smoking, weight loss, work and school stress, and chemotherapy. Moreover, a practical example of hypnosis, such as self-hypnosis, can be used by American adults and college students as a tool to relieve the daily stresses of school and work. Although hypnosis is widely unknown as a progressive treatment for suffering patients, it is beneficial for all individuals who yearn for peace of the mind and body.

Referent Power Examples

Executive Summary There are five main sources of power and these include; coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power. This paper focuses on referent power only. Leaders who have referent power are in a position to influence their followers and this is because, the followers trust and admire them and also desire to be like them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Referent Power: Examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Acquisition of referent power is realized by a leader who has extremely strong â€Å"interpersonal relationship† skills. The leaders that have referent power engage in showing respect for other people. By looking for ways to serve and have a common ground, these leaders are able to connect with other people. Such people as Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy and Mother Theresa are found to be among the leaders that had high levels of referent power. Cons idering Martin Luther King, it is found out that, his experience as a â€Å"socio-political thinker† and also as a writer, enabled him to play a leadership role. The unique position that this leader maintains in history offers him lifelong referent power. Nations across the world engage in international negotiations. The governments of these nations understand how imperative it is to send individuals who are found to possess referent power, to go and take part in negotiations. People with referent power have the necessary skills and knowledge that can enable them to make negotiations to be fruitful. Further more, it is also important for the business managers to get to understand sources of influence and power. This is for the reason that, they have to rely on the cooperation of employees for them to perform their management activities effectively. The managers that portray strength do not just put their dependence on authority, but they as well utilize leadership skills they have for them to receive the highest level of output from the employees. Managers who have referent power are able to influence employees in order for them to be motivated and work effectively to increase productivity and improve customer satisfaction Introduction Power is found to be a very important part of our society. Power can be either be social or political, or even physical. Basically, power originates from authority that can, either positively or negatively, influence people. According to French and Raven (1959), there are five main forms of power and these include; coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power (French and Raven, 1959). The focus of this paper will be on referent power. This form of power is normally referred to as â€Å"charisma or a personality that makes subordinates want to follow† (Fiore, 2004, p.12). In this paper, a literature review on referent power is going to be presented and this will be followed by the findings section. The paper will end with a conclusion section in which a summary of the main ideas in the discussion will be presented.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review According to Coon (2007), there are several authors who have written about Leadership, and James Macgregor is one of them. This author points out that, not every person that has power is able to demonstrate leadership; but on the other hand, all leaders have power (Coon, 2007). However, the issue that comes in is in regard to how power can be utilized to offer support to the leaders’ efforts in order to realize a positive influence on their own lives as well as on the lives of other people (Coon, 2007). This issue can be resolved by using referent power. Five forms of power were outlined by John French and Bertram Raven in the year 1959 and among these, one of them was referent power (French Raven, 1959). Referent power is found to exist in a situation where followers hold their leader in high esteem, identify themselves with him or her and they are very much willing to follow him or her. This form of power comes into play â€Å"when the essence and the character of the leader are attractive to those who would follow† (Coon, 2007, p.1). Among the scholars, there are those who hold a belief that only public figures as well as celebrities possess referent power. However, the fundamental principles are entrenched in the daily action that each and every person carries out (Coon, 2007). The leaders that have referent power engage in demonstrating respect for other people and they also respect the personal value of an individual (Coon, 2007). By looking for ways to serve and have a common ground, these leaders are able to connect with other people, not considering the differences or similarities that they may have with the people. Moreover, leaders that have r eferent power are always willing to be accountable and engage in mentoring those whom they lead. Therefore, â€Å"by respecting, serving, and mentoring, referent power can be developed† (Coon, 2007, p.1). Referent power is acquired by that leader who has very strong â€Å"interpersonal relationship skills† (Thomas, 2002, p.5). A list of ways through which a leader may gain and be able to maintain referent power is presented by Yukl (2002). The first way is by a leader showing acceptance and positive consideration. Moreover, a leader has to act in a supportive and helpful way and should also use â€Å"sincere form of ingratiation† (Yukl, 2002, p.150). Moreover, for a leader to acquire referent power, he or she should engage in defending people and supporting them when necessary. He should also do voluntary favors and engage in making self-sacrifices to exhibit the concern that he or she has. In addition, for a leader to gain referent power, he or she should be ab le to keep the promises he or she makes to the followers (Yukl, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Referent Power: Examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Caring for other people in a genuine manner serves to build referent power. Gaining and also maintaining referent power â€Å"requires more than flattery, favors, and charm; ultimately it depends on the leader’s character and integrity† (Yukl, 2002, p.150). Referent power matches with the â€Å"leader-follower† relationship’s strength (Yukl, 2002). Taking the case in an organization’s setting, the source of referent power is found to lie in the respect that the employees have for a manager and their aspiration to try to be like the manager or identify themselves with him or her. This kind of power is greatly based on trust. In most cases, it influences the employees, especially those who have awareness that they are â⠂¬Å"modeling their behavior on that of the manager and using what they presume he or she would do in such a situation as a point of reference† (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012, p.1). It may take some time for this type of power to develop and this implies that, the referent power may not be found to be effective in a situation where there is a high personnel turnover (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012). There are some errors that are made in applying referent power, especially in the cross-cultural settings. For instance, such errors may come in misunderstanding the manner in which the â€Å"employees identify with their superiors† (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012, p.1). Since employees identifying themselves with their leaders, in the United States of America, this is hindered by the legitimate power symbols such as dress and titles. Those who support the use of referent power recommend that the m anagers should engage in dressing in the same manner as the employees and make use of such terms as â€Å"facilitator† or â€Å"coach† instead of using such intimidating terms as â€Å"boss† or â€Å"subordinates† (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012). Findings It has been found out that, the leaders that have referent power have a personality which attracts respect and followers are pulled towards them. Moreover, it has been found out that referent power may come out from the relationship that the leader may be having with another powerful person in the organization (Fiore, 2004). For instance, taking the case of a school setting, there are some deputy principals that may have referent power. This follows the perception that the members of staff have, that the deputy principals have a close relationship with the principals and they often carry out duties on behalf of the principals. People like Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy and Mother Theresa among others, are found to be individuals that had high levels of referent power (Fiore, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taking the case of Martin Luther King Jr., this leader â€Å"connected to transcendental and moral power of great spiritual teacher†(â€Å" Martin Luther King†, n.d, p.1). He convened meetings and engaged in influencing the national policy. As on one hand he did not â€Å"hold office in the sense of French and Raven’s legitimate power† (â€Å"Martin Luther King†, n.d, p.1), on the other hand, he had the referent power that he used to bring an influence on the American political process. The experience he had as a â€Å"socio-political thinker† as well as a writer enabled him to play a leadership role. The unique position that Martin Luther King Jr. maintains in history â€Å"gives him continuing referent power†(â€Å"Martin Luther King†, n.d, p.1). True charismatic individuals are those that have a distinctive mix of â€Å"physical traits, speech, mannerisms and self-confidence† (â€Å"Referent power information experti se†, 2012, p.1). These people have the capacity to influence a large number of people through their actions. Referent power is found to be a form of power that is normally considered as being one of the most effective in the process of negotiations. The governments that engage in international negotiations have the knowledge about how important it is to send individuals who have special referent power qualities, to go and take part in negations on these government’s behalf. In case referent power is not used well by those engaging in negotiations, the outcome could bring about a great level of mistrust. Referent power is rarely linked to negative tactics of any form, and this is for the reason that people who have enough referent power will mostly look for ways to come up with agreements which could favor the two parties to avoid having one party losing because this could make these leaders to lose the attractiveness they have to the people (â€Å"Referent power inform ation expertise†, 2012). Personal uprightness of the people who are engaging in a negotiation forms a stable base for having a level ground in the negotiation. A large number of people who engage in negotiations use the parties’ integrity as well as the established â€Å"relationship between individuals as the strongest bond that exists between negotiating parties† (â€Å"Referent power information expertise†, 2012, p.1). That bond that originates from the integrity they have gives encouragement to the parties to engage in finding solutions for whatever conflict that may come up (â€Å"Referent power information expertise†, 2012). It has also been found out that, in such countries as Mexico and Argentina, the legitimate power symbols may not actually hinder identification but on the other hand, in a country like the United States, the â€Å"American-style egalitariasm† may serve to lessen the employee’s respect for their leader or mana ger (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012). In other words, the employees in the United States are more likely to engage in identifying themselves with their manager by having a personal liking for the manager and having a feeling of being liked back. But on the other hand, the employees in Mexico as well as in Argentina have high likelihood of engaging in identifying themselves with their managers by having respect for them and having a feeling of being respected back. This implies that referent power may vary much across cultures as compared to other forms of power. Imberman (2005) describes the way in which specialized training is currently utilized within the grocery industry to offer training to the Latino immigrants â€Å"in the democratic supervisory techniques of U.S managers† (Imberman, 2005, p.267). Earlier, when these people received promotion and acquired the supervisor positions, they seemed to be very much depend on the â€Å"Latino model of authoritarianism under which they were raised† (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012, p.1). This kind of administrative approach held back their capacity to supervise the employees in an effective manner or to receive the respect they were looking for from the employees. In order to save this situation, an initiative was taken which involved coming up with training programs. This resulted in having supervisors that were confident and also effective, and employees that were motivated. This increased productivity and improved customer service (â€Å"Leadership styles and bases of power†, 2012, p.1). It is imperative for managers to have knowledge about sources of power as well as influence because they have to depend on the employee cooperation for them to be successful in their management activities. The managers that portray strength do not just put their dependence on authority, but they as well utilize leadership skills they have in order to recei ve the highest level of output from the employees. Among the five forms of power presented by French and Raven (1959), referent power tend to be a form of power that is most influential and which is affected least by change (Argenti, 2002). For instance, as Argenti (2002) points out, it is found out that coercive power depends on a person’s rank within the organizational hierarchy and the reward power is effective only on condition that followers value the rewards given to them. Moreover, legitimate power depends on a person’s rank in the organization’s hierarchy and it is pointed out that the events that took place recently like â€Å"white-collar downsizing† have given an indication of how rapidly that can be changed for whatever management level (Argenti, 2002). Considering expert power, this form of power lasts only on condition that no any other person knows as much as one who possesses this power does. It is only referent power that tends to be main tainable (Argenti, 2002). Moreover, Gilbert Fairholm points out that â€Å"the authority of managers is often more a function of their personalities and personal charisma than is of their official positions† (Fairholm, 2001, p.iv). This does not imply that managers do not need to have recognized authority. However, as it is pointed out by Locke (1986), bringing together referent power and authority can facilitate creation of remarkable influence on the followers or employees. The prospect of having greater influence ignites the aspiration to have clear knowledge about referent power; how this form of power can be acquired, its effects on performance and what the risks associated with its use are. Conclusion Referent power is found to be a very important form of power in our society. For instance, leaders who have referent power are able to influence people, such as employees in organizations, for them to be motivated and work effectively to increase productivity and improve c ustomer satisfaction. Referent power may also be used in negotiations in order to reach a consensus or it can also be used to influence a country’s political process positively. In general terms, our society needs leaders that have referent power to effectively deal with issues that affect us, since it is only this form of power that tends to be maintainable. References Argenti, P. A. (2002). The fast forward MBA pocket reference. New York, N.Y: John Wiley Sons. Coon, D. W. (2007). Creating referent power in your own life. Web. Fairholm, G. W. (2001). Mastering Inner Leadership. West Port, CT: Quorum Books. Fiore, D.   J. (2004).  Introduction to Ed. Admin: Standards, theories, and practice. New York, N.Y: Eye on Education. French, J. P. R. Raven, B. (1959). The Bases of Social Power. Michigan, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1959. Imberman, W. (2005). Managing the Managers. Progressive Grocer, 84(3),267. Leadership styles and bases of power, (2012). Web. Locke, E. A. (1986). Toward a Theory of Task Performance and Incentive. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3(2), 157-189 Martin Luther King – Time power and agency. Web. Referent power information expertise, (2012). Web. Thomas, C. J. (2002). Leadership effectiveness of referent power as a distinction of personal power. Web. Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall. This essay on Referent Power: Examples was written and submitted by user Savanna Riley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Macbeth Character Analysis

Macbeth Character Analysis Free Online Research Papers The play Macbeth is about the character Macbeth, but not just because it is his name, he is an interesting person. Macbeth is the thane of Glamis and Scottish general who is told that he will be king by three witches. He kills King Duncan to bring the prophecy to fruition. He deals with a lot of self conflict because he is not comfortable with his decision to kill King Duncan, and later on Banquo. Macbeth and Banquo are confronted by three old witches, and they tell them of how Macbeth will become King. At first both are skeptical, but after the first part of the prediction comes true they begin to believe. This element of foreshadowing leads Macbeth to believe he must kill King Duncan. He is very uneasy with this thought, and even says that it makes him sick. In a soliloquy, Macbeth reveals that he is too kind hearted to commit such a crime. After coming to the conclusion that he must kill King Duncan in order to become king, he informs his wife in a letter of this news. She immediately feels that he should kill the king. She tries to persuade Macbeth to do the deed. This puts more pressure and stress on Macbeth. He starts to hallucinate and imagine a floating dagger. Macbeth commits the murder and becomes the next king. All seems well so far, because Macbeth is celebrating and seems happy. Macbeth starts to become paranoid now that he has King Duncan’s blood on his hands. Realizing that the witches predicted Banquo’s sons to be king after him, he starts to think maybe Banquo’s sons will do him the same way he did Duncan. He also knows that Banquo is a smart man and it wont take him long to figure out what he has done. These thoughts create a very nervous Macbeth. Macbeth sets a meeting with murderers. In this meeting he tells them that Banquo was responsible for King Duncan’s death. He orders them to kill Banquo along with his son, who is said to be the next king by the witches. This shows how desperate Macbeth has become. The murderers return to Macbeth with news of their success. They inform him that they killed Banquo, but his son had escaped. The news of Banquo’s escaped son does not go well with Macbeth. Macbeth is at a dinner when something very unusual happens. A ghost of Banquo is at the dinner sitting in his chair. Macbeth starts yelling and is terrified from the sight of his old recently deceased friend sitting in his chair. He is the only one that can see this ghost. The guests of the dinner are concerned that the king is not well. His wife tells him that he should not be afraid, because it is his fear that causes him to see such frightening things. The ghost appears once again only to show just how uneasy the new king is. Macbeth is essential to this story simply because it revolves around him and the events in his complicated life. The witches inference caused Macbeth a great deal of trouble. They tell him future events that man should never find out ahead of time. This made Macbeth contemplate on the king’s murder, only to create some major self conflict. His wife was there to help him make the decision. Without her, he might not have had the courage or confidence to kill a king. Macbeth kills the king, but not before his hallucinations start. Macbeth becomes king, but with it comes paranoia and suspicion of his friend Banquo. He has his friend killed and attempts to have his son killed also. This only causes more hallucinations for the already anxious king. I feel that this was very interesting story; if there is a change to make it more interesting, I don’t know what it is. Research Papers on Macbeth Character AnalysisComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Interview paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Interview paper - Essay Example The budget that he has allocated is $750. Because of the numerous brands in the market, buying a laptop is a difficult decision for the professor. There are several factors which he considered in making the final decision. First factor that he considered is the weight of the computer. Since he and his kids will most probably bring the computer to school, he was very much concerned with the weight. Furthermore, he foresees that the laptop will be moved from one room in the house to another. The lighter the laptop, the more he was inclined to buy it. Another critical aspect for the professor is the power consumption. Since the users of the laptop are always on the go, he preferred a battery which could last at least for four hours. He realized that if the laptop has additional features, it would also consume more power. Processing power is another factor that the professor looked into. He preferred a Core 2 duo in case his kids would need multimedia programs. He expects that he will also need to do some class presentations that will require multimedia programs. The after sales service and warranty is another feature that the professor viewed as essential. Aside from a local warranty, he would like an international warranty to go with it. As a professor, there are times when he travels to other countries for seminars or trainings. An international warranty will guarantee that if something goes wrong with his computer while he is abroad, his computer can be repaired immediately. Moreover, the longer the warranty on parts and labor the better for him. He recognized the fact that there are some brands which offer extended warranty but with extra cost. Another aspect which the professor considered is the operating system of the laptop. He knew that if he chose the Windows Vista operating system, it will be more expensive because it requires the latest hardware. He was however open to using Linux, Windows XP

Answer the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Answer the questions - Essay Example The scope entails establishing the capability of the system to interact with other elements within the environment with which the system operates is essential. The requirements of the users must be assessed effectively to ensure that they are incorporated within the operation of the system. The identification of system weaknesses is fundamental in seeking to establish a properly functioning system to undertake the required functions. Limitations into the process of system analysis are the regulations that exist with regard to the technology that can be utilised in establishing a functioning system. Technological differences between the system and the applications being utilised presents a significant challenge to system analysts Fact-finding measures are essential in the determination of the functions that a system can undertake, with regard to the user requirements. Use cases provide a platform upon which system usability is commonly analysed. Information gained from fact-finding and use cases is essential in system analysis, as it is the fundamental base upon which decisions regarding the system are made. Technological discrepancies are commonly solved by undertaking an analysis of the available technology during the feasibility study. These social settings provide an individual with guidelines through which daily activities are based upon. Before undertaking any personal activity, one requires to make an analysis of the activities involved in order to determine which one comes before the others. The consideration for the environment within which one undertakes his/her activities is essential in ensuring that no harm comes to the society. The limitations that an individual experiences in life come from the knowledge possessed, and the values held by the individual. The fundamental assumptions within the context of this project include the capability of an individual to undertake an object analysis of self, and the capability to undertake the

Team Achievement Essay Example for Free

Team Achievement Essay This assignment looks at the important role that can be played by teams in successful organisations and businesses. You should explore the way in which the use of teams in a selected organisation may help that business achieve its strategic aims and objectives. You then need to describe key features of an achieving workplace team within a selected organisation. Resubmission When you resubmit your assignment, you MUST ensure that you TRACK YOUR CHANGES by pressing Ctrl + Shift+ E, or go to Tools, and Track changes. WHEN YOU SUBMIT THIS WORK YOU AUTOMATICALLY CERTIFY THAT THE WORK CONTAINED IN THIS ASSIGNMENT WAS RESEARCHED AND PREPARED BY YOURSELF. Plagiarism will result in the assignment not being accepted and marked ASSIGNMENT TASKS Task 1: P1 Describe ways in which the use of teams in a selected organisation may help achieve strategic aims and objectives To complete this task you will need to explain the following: * How does a team monitor progress and performance? E.g., identifying team objectives, monitoring performance to objectives? * How does the organisational structure and functions affect and support a teams achievement? * How does the role of a supervisor and manager contribute to the achievement of a teams objectives? Task 1 Monitoring progress and performance Monitoring the progress and the performance of a team is very important. As a team may be off track and heading for the wrong direction, a team under close monitoring would make sure this is not happening, Its the supervisors responsibility to monitor and assure that the teams performance is up to the best standards. Supervisors tend on passing on that responsibility to Team leaders as they are constantly working with the team members. Team leaders monitor the progress and performance by using appraisals. This helps to identify each member of the teams progress. Another way a team is monitored is by using Gantt charts. Team leaders and supervisors can look back to a Gantt chart to make sure they are on track and not falling behind as well as making sure all the tasks are complete. Without the constant monitoring of a team, it is very unlikely that a team would be successful at achieving their objectives and can very quickly head off rails. Organizational structure and functions The way organisational are organised creates an organisational structure; the type of structure depends a lot on the individual team. Companies that tend to have flat structures are generally quite small. They operate informally, in that everyone will know everyone else and there will be few formal procedures the staff will have to follow. When companies are relatively large they need to have a more complex structure than that of a flat structure; hierarchical organisations or pyramid structures are often what flat structure grow into being. They are taller than flat structures, with the senior employees at the top, and the lowest level of employee at the bottom, it is often that there are more employees at the bottom than at the top, hence the name pyramid structure. The final type of structure is the matrix structure; they are neither flat, nor hierarchical. They are generally found in one off projects, such as building a bridge or constructing a motorway. A matrix structure allows the project managers to have direct contact and support from the main functions of the business, such as finance, production and human resources. The project teams will work on the project until completion, when the team will be disbanded and a new team will form to work on the next project. Supervisors and managers A supervisors and a team leader is a strong pillar in to the success of a team. Without them would be like playing football with no ball, it just wouldnt work. They need to be role models of good working practice and show commitment and enthusiasm towards team objectives. They contribute to the achievement of a teams objective by: * Planning: This involves managers setting objectives, targets, and planning on how to achieve them. * Monitoring: Supervisors monitor and measure the level of work being inputted by the team members in order to ensure that the team is running smoothly. * Organizing: Managers need to ensure that all their team members are equipped with necessary tools and equipment needed to carry out the tasks * Commanding or directing: It is the team leaders responsibility to command and direct their team members by communicating instructions and delegating tasks. The business being used for this section is Thomas Cook air travel service. Thomas Cook Group plc is a leading international leisure travel group, created by the merger of My Travel Group plc and Thomas Cook AG in June 2007. It is a successful enterprise with a portfolio of market leading travel brands across Europe and North America. The companies business aims and objectives are stated within its mission statement. All businesses have aims and objectives these are its purpose this tells us why the business exists and what it wants to achieve, these will change over time as some will be achieved and others will not, this is how a business develops. Aim-A goal a business wants to achieve in the future for example increase market share and to become the world leaders. Objectives-steps the business needs to achieve in order to meet its stated aims for example make a profit this will help the business to develop and expand which could lead to them increasing their overall market share then gradually becoming the world leaders. These can also be found in the businesses mission statement that describes the businesses goals in a shorter and simpler way, so other people can understand them like the public. Thomas Cook PLC Mission Statement The strategy of Thomas Cook Group plc is to continue to deliver benefits from existing cost saving and margin improvement plans already adopted by MyTravel and Thomas Cook; to grow revenues in existing and new market segments; and to deliver efficiencies from being part of a larger group. Thomas Cook has a range of air travel teams to help them operate effectively. They help provide a pleasant, safe travel service to its customers. The teams consist of small groups with a number of individuals, put together to deliver and carry out different roles. There are two types of teams: Formal teams, these are created for a specific purpose. For example a marketing team is put together to research and obtain specific information for a business e.g. competitive behaviour. They will have set goals with a specific purpose to achieve. Informal teams, these are less structured and are developed instead of made for a specific purpose. For example, a group of friends decide to do something together, so they are known as a group as they are sharing the workload etc. The teams within the Thomas Cook air travel service include the following: ground floor staff, cabin crew, pilot and other flight crew (stewards). The role of the ground floor staff is to greet passengers once they are landing at the destination; they are there to guide passengers to and from the aeroplane in a safe and orderly manor and to help where needed. In addition, they provide information such as travel, exchange rates, currency etc and other relevant information they may be required to know. They help Thomas Cook achieve its strategic aims and objectives by providing excellent customer service as they are constantly dealing with the businesses customers and their issues and problems. In addition if customers find their staff approachable and useful then they will want to use their air line service again as they had a good experience with their staff, this would also help the business gain a good and positive reputation as customers will share their experiences with family or friends etc. There is a lot of inter-dependency within this team as they all have mutual responsibilities and share a common set of principles with other. The internal teams within the air travel service such as the cabin crew and pilot have different roles to ensure a safe and pleasant journey. The cabin crews have different roles for each individual. There is a front of house and back of house cabin crew. Front of house show passengers the safety equipment and how to use them in case of an emergency, make sure passengers are strapped in securely and guide them through health and safety procedures/positions for landing and departing. However the back of house team deal with the customer orders for food and drink, throughout the journey. They all have important roles to help achieve the aims and objective of the business. For example if the back of house got the food orders wrong or the front of house team did not cater for the passengers needs, then Thomas Cook would have a lot of unhappy customers due to having a bad flight because of their staff. This may result in customers going to their competitors for a better service and gain a bad reputation etc. The cabin crews are the main employees that deal with the customers directly for hours on flights to different locations, they need to support each other and respect one another in order to have an effective team, if the members of the group get on and feel involved then this will show through the companies performance overall. Effective teams mean an effective business which will overall help achieve the businesses goals. All of the different teams within the air travel service of Thomas Cook PLC all have a lot of inter-dependence. Because even though each individual have there own responsibilities they all work together as a group to help overall achieve the best outcome. Overall all the teams play a big part in making the business successful by helping achieve the businesses strategic aims and objectives, as they provide a safe, pleasant travel service to its customers so they enjoy their stay on the Thomas Cook airplanes, so they want to use their services again. Feedback Task 1: P1 Describe ways in which the use of teams in a selected organisation may help achieve strategic aims and objectives Task 2: M1 Analyse the contribution of a high achieving team to the accomplishment of strategic aims and objectives * Discuss the characteristics of a high achieving team. * How important are these characteristics to the achievement of strategic aims and objectives? * How does the performance review cycle help with this? In each case try and relate your answers to teams that you are familiar with. Task 2 In order to develop a good team an organisation must consider personal attributes when selecting individuals. If an organisation is to exceed they must select individuals with high technical skills which meets the skills of other members. Also in order to have a high achieving ream, you must have clear objectives and the right combination of people BELBIN. Belbins identified eight major roles, and argued that teams work more effectively when they consists of members who are able to play all of these roles. High achieving teams do not result from spontaneous combustion. They are grown, nurtured and exercised. Yes it takes a lot of hard work and skill to blend the different personalities, abilities, and agendas into a cohesive unit willing to work for a common goal. Behind every great team is a strong leader. A leader whose job is not to control, but to teach, encourage, and organize when necessary. Tuckman identified four stages in developing a high performance team, which I have spoken about in detail in the first assignment; these are: Forming ? Storming ? Norming ? Performing Each one of these four stages is vital to building an effective team; the stages must also be done in the order above. If one stage is not complete, it would be impossible to continue to the next. The idea of this is just like a chain, if one link is broken or not present, the chain would fall apart. That is exactly what it is like when building a team, if any of Tuckmans four stages links would not be carried out correctly, the team would fall apart or known otherwise as an under performing team. Teams play a big part in the effective running of an organisation. As a whole an organisations workforce needs to work together in order for information to be passed across and so there is a steady stream of communication through the business. This will help spot problems before they arise and will help each department to interlink with one another. However most large organisations are broken down into different functions (departments), so each aspect of an organisation can be handled and operated more effectively. Within each department, there are teams that work together to complete tasks and assignments to help meet their overall goals, which are normally set by the team leader or department manager. These aims and objectives will be different for each department but will overall help achieve the businesses strategic aims and objectives. High achieving teams will have all the key features required to perform at a high level and will be able to motivate one another to achieve their targets, one time and to a high standard. A well-established team leader is essential for a group to move forward and progress to the next level. As this person will be responsible for leading there team in the right direction. Establishing teams help an organisations workforce to share ideas and build relationships amongst one another. It takes less pressure off individuals as teams work together by putting forward knowledge to get the best possible outcome. On the one hand, high achieving teams are very effective in reaching their goals and working together to complete tasks. They help to motivate each other so that each member feels they are part of something so they contribute even more, so the final out come is at a high level. They will be able to smoothly move through the Tuckmans forming, storming, norming and performing stages, so they are effective and efficient in how they interact and communicate with one another. However on the other hand not all the teams within every department will be well established and be highly achieving, but on balance with more work and with an effective team leader an organisation will be able to form its workforce, so they are all trained and managed so every department have high achieving teams with all the key features and attributes required to perform well. This will overall lead to every team meeting their targets, so will result in the businesses departments meeting there set goals. The greatest effect this will have on an organisation is helping to effectively meet the strategic aims and objectives of the organisation. Simply because an effective team, means an effective workforce so means an effective business overall. Without high achieving teams an organisation will not be able to work together to achieve the individual aims and objectives as their will be no communication, so no co-operation. That will show in the failure to meet strategic goals of the company. An effective workforce is the key to an effective business. Feedback Task 2: M1 Analyse the contribution of a high achieving team to the accomplishment of strategic aims and objectives Task 4: D1 Make recommendations to raise the achievement of an under-performing team * What are the characteristics of an underperforming team? * How can these weaknesses be addressed? * What approaches and strategies can be used to raise achievement? Task 4 Following the previous section, this task will evaluate dysfunctional teams and analyses all the different aspects that may effect an underperforming team and provide detailed recommendations as to how it could be improved and how they can be resolved to overall help achieve there goals. I will do this by weighing out whether it is the team that is dysfunctional or whether the other factors are genuinely amenable to help improve team activity and progress. To have effective teams they need to have good interpersonal skills in order to grow and develop successfully, also these skills and qualities help teams to bond and build relationships so they all feel part of the group and co-operate together. However, it is not always teams interpersonal skills that help complete tasks or make a team dysfunctional. Other factors such as experience in carrying out certain tasks or knowledge in that field, do determine the extent of how successful a team will be or can be. The following is an analysis of different aspects of why a team may be dysfunctional and detailed recommendations as to how this can be resolved. Analyses of why a team may be underperforming. Task-relevant Experience: This has a big impact on whether a team may be able to carry out the task or to the best of their abilities. This is simply because a team with experience will be able to make a better contribution to the team were as a team with no experience will have to learn from the beginning so will need more time to learn and adjust to what is needed in order to be successful. This leads to the theory that most people feel more comfortable with what they already know than they do learning new skills or theory, especially in a group of individuals who may be still at the forming stage of their development. The extent of the impact depends upon how well developed interpersonally the team is, to stay focused on meeting their targets. On the one hand, this affects whether the team is able to do the task if they are new to it and what it requires. For example a team of engineers are asked to carry out research on the market in which they operate in, whether they are able to do this task effectively will depend on the knowledge they have in carrying research out and what methods are available to them. Without experience, they are more likely to produce a poor out come and co-operate less effectively and fluently as individually, they may be scared of getting it wrong. On the other hand if the group is at the norming stage, then the group will feel comfortable to accept criticism if they are wrong and may motivate each other to meet the challenge of doing something new and may enjoy learning new skills and knowledge to help meet their goals. So on balance there are two ways a team may accept the task if they have no experience and may be the cause to why a team may be underperforming. However if a team has excellent inter-personal skills they could overall overcome this problem and seek new opportunities from this task. In this scenario, I recommend that a team should look for solutions and better ways of completing their task to over come the problem. However having the right resource to carry out the task is equally important to be able to produce a high standard and to overall complete the work they are given. In addition, the team may not have definitions of responsibility between members. For example they may not have a team leader to lead them and organise the group to get a tasks done and on time. This could lead to members being left out and a feeling of tension within the group, which will result in less co-operation and less team work being done. Without a team leader the group will have no one to manage the project so will not operate effectively as their will be no leader to define the objectives to help meet them in the most appropriate, simplest and logic lest order The question to consider is whether a team is capable of achieving the task or whether they are able to for example may not have the resources needed to complete the assignment or may have a team leader with poor communication and interpersonal skills. Recommendations From the above information on the different aspect that can affect a team and make it dysfunctional the following are recommendations to help raise the achievement of an underperforming team. I recommend team-building techniques are used to help improve the productivity and interaction of the team members to help the group bond and feel part of something. Successful team building has far-reaching communication skills in an organisation. Improve the way team members interact and you improve their ability to solve problems. Better problem solving means better efficiency in general. Increased efficiency tends to boost morale and productivity. It also helps to decrease stress, turnover and operating costs. In addition, all of these improvements bolster the organisations public image. Once established an effective team becomes self-perpetuating. In addition, I recommend that a point scoring system that has prospects should be used to help motivate teams to achieve their targets so they have something to work towards, as they will want to get the highest score so they can be recognised for their hard work and rewarded. This will help the teams within an organisation become more competitive and work much harder to achieve their goals. This will encourage underperforming teams to be motivated to work together to get their tasks done so they can be recognised by the business for their contribution to their success. Also to scope for personal and professional development through training and international mobility. This will mean employees can continue to learn and gain new skills through their work. This will help motivate staff to do the most amount of work they are able to do to, to the best standard they can achieve. So they have a better chance of being promoted. This will help underacheiving teams to be motivated to do the work as they can learn how to do it if they done know how. In addition to the above recommendations, my final recommendation is to overall increase employee motivation by concentrating on the environment they work in and what can be done to provide a pleasant and relaxed atmosphere so the productivity can be increase and stress levels can be decreased. Techniques such as bringing plants into the work place have proved to reduce stress and bring a more calmed environment to the workforce. It is very important for any organisation/business to improve underperforming teams as they result in increasing levels of customer complaints, high staff turnover and incomplete tasks. So overall it leader to an under performing business as they will not be meeting their strategic aims and objectives. Overall action needs to be taken at the first signs of a dysfunctional team.