Strategy quality managment in SABIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Procedure quality managment in SABIC - Essay Example Custom Technology Solutions (CTS, 2006) portray vital administration as ‘a blend of technique plan and procedure implementation’ (P.5). Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia’s biggest partnership is a worldwide innovator in the production of synthetic concoctions, manures, plastics and steel. The Saudi government is the larger part investor with a 60 percent stake with the equalization of offers dispersed among the Gulf Co-activity Council (GCC) nations of the Middle East. It has a significant nearness in Asia especially the Asia-Pacific locale, North America, Europe and Africa notwithstanding the Arabian Peninsula [Figure 1] (Asia Pacific News, 2008). Set up in 1976, SABIC has an expansive scope of grouped product enveloping ‘basic and halfway synthetic concoctions, polymer gums and polyesters, manures, metals and modern gases - essential structure obstructs for products’. These are found in the conglomerate’s 21 assembling firms utilizing more than 16,000 workers all around (Al-Abdulgader, 2007). The interest for petrochemical items has expanded all around subsequently guaranteeing SABIC future development possibilities are brilliant being perhaps the biggest maker on the planet with a rich characteristic source in Saud Arabia (Jaroudi, 2007). SABIC petrochemical creation has in this manner quadrupled in the course of the most recent fifteen years outperforming 45 million tons while targeting raising the creation to more than 100 metric tons by 2015 (Thomasson, 2007). The company’s extension plans focuses on the developing Asian development economies of China and India. In China, the country’s tremendous extension and advancement has implied it can't satisfy its need for polyolefin saps along these lines requiring 34 percent imports, which puts the Chinese market on SABIC plan. As indicated by SABIC’s nation director for China, Lee Lam Lee,

Saltasaurus - Facts and Figures

Saltasaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Saltasaurus (Greek for Salta reptile); articulated SALT-ah-SORE-us Natural surroundings: Forests of South America Chronicled Period: Late Cretaceous (80-65 million years prior) Size and Weight: Around 40 feet in length and 10 tons Diet: Plants Recognizing Characteristics: Moderately thin form; quadrupedal stance; short neck and legs; hard plates lining back About Saltasaurus As titanosaurs go, the South American Saltasaurus was the half-pint of the litterthis dinosaur just weighed around 10 tons drenching wet, contrasted with 50 or 100 tons for progressively well known titanosaur cousins like Bruhathkayosaurus or Argentinosaurus. (The titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era developed from the exemplary sauropods of the late Jurassic time frame, and are in fact included under the sauropod umbrella.) The dainty size of Saltasaurus requests a persuading clarification, given that this dinosaur dates from the late Cretaceous time frame, around 70 million years prior; at this point, most titanosaurs had advanced to the super-heavyweight class. The most probable hypothesis is that Saltasaurus was limited to a remote South American biological system, lacking inexhaustible vegetation, and advanced down so as not to debilitate the assets of its propensity. (Unexpectedly, Saltasaurus was the primary recognized titanosaur; it took extra disclosures for scientistss to understand that most individuals from this variety were substantially more noteworthy.) What set Saltasaurus and different titanosaurs separated from their sauropod precursors was the hard shield coating their backs; on account of Saltasaurus, this defensive layer was so thick and bumpy that scientistss at first mixed up this dinosaur (found in Argentina in 1975) for an example of Ankylosaurus. Obviously, infant and adolescent titanosaurs pulled in the notification of the various tyrannosaurs and raptors of the late Cretaceous time frame, and their back plates developed as an ostensible type of safeguard. (Not even the most arrogant Giganotosaurus would decide to focus on a full-developed titanosaur, which would have exceeded its adversary three or multiple times over!)

Berkshire Hathaway Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Berkshire Hathaway Company - Essay Example The organization is presently a holding organization that holds numerous assorted auxiliaries. What is the company’s Mission Statement? What is the company’s Vision Statement? Who are the Primary Stakeholders of the organization? Essential partners are the individuals who have an immediate intrigue or stake in the association. The partners of practically all the organizations are same. Partners can influence or be influenced by the activities of a business. The essential partners of Berkshire Hathaway incorporate the proprietor of the organization, the workers, its clients, providers, its loan bosses, the worker's guilds, its investors and the administration. The representatives of Berkshire have an extraordinary stake in the association since they are straightforwardly connected to the company’s execution (BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY, INC 2010) Similarly the investors share a similar stake in the matter of Berkshire Hathaway. What are the five powers of Competition and h ow they sway on the organization? The five powers of rivalry present in the earth and that influence the opposition incorporate the contenders of a firm, dealing intensity of providers, haggling intensity of the clients, new contestants and the substitutes accessible. Contenders of a firm outcome in contention. ... Berkshire Hathaway has awesome relations with its providers. In addition the organization claims such a large number of auxiliaries that it has a huge quantities of providers, along these lines bringing about a low dealing intensity of the providers. Taking a gander at the clients as a power, they have a high dealing power rather than the providers. Berkshire Hathaway praises its clients every which way. At that point comes the risk of the substitutes. Berkshire has an exceptionally various scope of business exercises and it offers such a large number of items to such a significant number of various markets. There is a risk of substitutes however Berkshire Hathaway has a solid money related and capital position that at whatever point there is an elective venture accessible in the market, it doesn't stop for a second in gaining that other option. Berkshire faces rivalry however the opposition isn't gigantic on the grounds that the quantity of firms present in the holding business isn' t exceptionally huge. There are just not many holding firms that equivalent the size of Berkshire Hathaway. So the opposition is low when contrasted with different businesses. All the powers of rivalry lead to contention, however on account of Berkshire these powers are not excessively serious and accordingly don't bring about gigantic competition. SWOT Analysis SWOT examination is an instrument that is utilized to investigate the qualities and shortcomings of the organization. It assists with deciding the chances and dangers presented by the outer condition. Fundamentally the investigation sets a course for the association with respect to how it should utilize its qualities to limit the dangers presented by the outer condition and furthermore to utilize the open doors so as to conquer its shortcomings. In spite of the fact that Berkshire Hathaway is entrenched keeping organization yet at the same time it is beyond the realm of imagination that it won’t have any shortcomings or

McDonalds Restaurant Research Assignment Paper - 1100 Words

McDonald's Restaurant Research Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: McDonalds RestaurantName:Institutions name:Date:McDonalds RestaurantMcDonalds is one of the greatest fast food restaurant chains in the world. The restaurant operates in 119 countries in the world and has an estimated to serve 68 million people on a daily basis. This retail giant has approximately 36, 615 fast food outlets. It was started in 1940 in San Bernardino, California by the McDonalds brothers Maurice and Richard as a barbeque restaurant. However, in 1948, the business was reorganized as a hamburger stand and the franchise business first opened in Arizona and Phoenix in 1953. Furthermore, in 1955, Ray Kroc who was a businessman joined the company as a franchise agent who finally bought the franchise from Richard and Maurice McDonalds. The company continued to grow and in 1967, this fast food franchise restaurant opened its first chain outside the US in Richmond, Canada (Gilbert, 2009). Today, the brand has proved why it is the best because it has branches ever ywhere. Above all, I chose it because it is a 24-hour restaurant offering low priced products and has the best customer service. At McDonalds (McDs), they know that time is money. Their customer service is fast and reliable as they do not keep customers waiting for their order. Therefore, McDonalds has met all my expectations, making me one of their loyal customers.For a fast food restaurant to be successful, it needs to be innovative, offer reasonable prices and have a menu that meets the need of every customer. The criteria that I used to select McDs are as follows; the restaurant has a quick service, low prices, children play area and a menu that offers a variety of products. These criteria are ideal for a fast food restaurant because people need quality and quick services while rushing at a fast food chain. People expect to have a variety of products to choose from at the most convenient time. Most people dont have time to cook due to work commitments among other activities. The refore, the only to save on time is to eat or buy food at a fast food restaurant such as McDonalds.The McDonalds restaurant is highly successful due to its quick services. An order is processed within 3 to five minutes. Most customers dont have time to wait for their orders for long. They prefer a restaurant where they will encounter a fast and reliable customer service. Furthermore, with the growth of e-commerce, one can make an order online and within a few minutes, the McDs delivery van or scooters are at your door step. They have very efficient delivery services. That is why the McDonalds restaurant has successfully beaten competitors. Quick services have distinguished McDonalds from other fast food restaurant (Gilbert, 2009). The first time I visited a McDonalds restaurant, I was amazed by their quick services. My order was processed within four minutes. The food was very fresh and delicious. I was very hungry and I was not disappointed. Since then, I have never looked back; I have been a very loyal customer and even recommended to my friends to visit the restaurant whenever they are in a hurry.The value for money is very important to every human being. The money language is recognized all around the world. The McDonalds company has the best pricing in the fast food industry. With $4-$8, one can purchase a whole meal. The products are very pocket friendly. Most people enjoy a eating at a restaurant that serves quality foods at affordable prices. McDonalds is no exception. The company knows that in order to attract more customers, it must offer low prices ideal for everyone from students to working individuals. In my experience, McDonalds has been my ideal restaurant because I am able to eat a whole meal as little as four bucks. It is convenient to me because I work part time and I dont have the money to spend on lavish eating in fancy restaurants. With McDs, the restaurant favors my every aspect of healthy eating at low prices. During weekends, my friends and I enjoy leisure time away from home and books by convening at a McDonalds outlet near our neighborhood and eat various delicacies because we can afford them.Least but not last, the McDonalds Company is very innovative. As part of its branding and marketing strategy, the outlets have a play area for kids ("McDonald's: Burgers, Fries More. Quality Ingredients," 2017). This is very important for couples with children and who would want to enjoy their time out at a restaurant, and their children given space to play and mingle with other children all under one roof. According to research, children have a lot of influence of the buying power of their parents (Aaker, 2013). Modern parents are very willing to please their children by buying more for them. McDonalds has capitalized on this aspect and that of the importance of play by having a children play area set aside for that. During my various visits at the franchise outlet, I realized that the company sponsors children with vouch er cards that allow them to have fries with any purchase during the year. Above all, the franchise is committed to childrens well-being by providing access to all sorts of games in the children play area. I experienced children playing in bouncing castles and spinning wheels among many more play platforms. Besides, the play area keeps children highly occupied and offers the parents time to comfortably enjoy their meals.Lastly, the criterion...

Regression analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4185 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER-14: INTRODUCTION TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION In a data set of bivariate distribution, there present a set of pairs of observations where each pair of the observations is expressed with numerical values of two variables. Telling alternatively, the bivariate distribution is intended in finding or analyzing relationship between two variables under study. In any scientific studies, the basic interest of the researchers is to find out the possible co-movement of two or more than variables under study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Regression analysis" essay for you Create order In the process of co-movement determination, there exist two important statistical tools popularly called as correlation analysis and regression analysis. Correlation analysis simply, is a measure of association between two or more variables under study. Where as regression analysis examine the nature or direction of association between two variables. Regression analysis is analyzed by classifying the variables in two classes like the dependent variables and the independent variables. Thus it tries to estimate the average value of one variable (dependent variable) from the given value of the other variable(s) (i.e., independent variables). Where as, the condition of correlation analysis is exactly the contrast of the regression analysis. In such a case the basic focus of the researcher is on measurement of the strength of relationship between the variables. In other wards the correlation analysis measures the depth of relationship between two variables where as the regression analysi s measures the width of the relationship between the variables. Again in regression analysis, the dependent variables are considered as random or stochastic and the independent variable(s) are assumed to be fixed or non-random. But in the correlation analysis all the variables are treated as symmentric and hence are considered as random. INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSIS The magnitude of association or relationship between the two variables can be measured by calculating correlation. Correlation analysis can be defined as a quantative measure of strength of relationship that exists between two variables. There are four types of relationship that may exists between two variables. They are: Positive correlation Negative correlation Linear correlation and Non-linear correlation. 1. Positive correlation: Two variables are said to be positively correlated when the movement of the one variable lead to the movement of the other variable in the same direction. In other wards there exists direct relationship between the two variables. For example, the relationship between height of the human being to their corresponding weight, income of the person with expenditure, price of the commodities and supply of the commodity etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable leads to the increase (or decrease) in the value of corresponding other variable. The nature of positive relationship between the two variables can also be shown graphically. If the data are inserted in two axis of a graph paper, then one will find an upward trend rising from the lower left hand corner of the graph paper and spreading upward upto the upper right hand corner. One can imagine the supply curve as explained in the economic theory. 2. Negative correlation: On the other hand, correlation between two variables is said to be negative when the movement of one variable leads to the movement in the other variable in the opposite direction. Here there exists inverse relationship between the two variables. For example, volume and pressure of perfect gas, income and expenditure on food items (Engelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law), change in price and quantity demanded of necessary goods () etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable causes corresponding decrease (or increase) in the value of other variable. In case of negative correlation between two variables, one will find downward trend from the upper left hand corner of the graph paper to towards x-axis. One can imagine the demand curve as explained in the economic theory. 3. Linear correlation: The correlation between two variables is said to be linear where the points when drawn is a graph represents a straight line. Considering two variables X andY, a straight line equation can be as where ___ are represented in real numbers. By using the above formula, with the constant values of ___ and different values of X and Y when plotted in a graph sheet, one will get a straight line. The linear relationship between two varoibales can be interpreted as the change in one unit of one variable (let X) results in the corresponding change in the other variable (let Y) in a fixed proportion. Thus when the above values of X and Y are represented in graph one will get a straight line. This type of relationship between two variables where a unit change in one variable (X here), the other variable (Y) will change in a constant proportion. However such relations are rarely exists in case of management and social disciplines. 4. Non-linear correlation: A relationship between two variables is said to be non-linear if a unit change in one variable causes the other variable to change in fluctuations. In other wards, if X is changed then corresponding values of Y will not change in the same proportion. Hence when data of X and Y when plotted in a graph paper one will not get a straight line rather a polynomial. The equation of getting such relationship is There can be also instances where there does not exist any relationship between two variables i.e., no correlation can be found between two variables. Such relationship is called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no correlationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. For instance, one wants to compare the growth of population in India with that of road accidents in United States. Such types of relations donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist logically. Hence correlation between such relations is said to be nil. METHODS OF MEASURING CORRELATION: Correlation between two variables can be measured by following ways. The Graphical method (through Scatter Diagram) Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation 1. The Graphical Method: The correlation can be graphically shown by using scatter diagrams. Scatter diagrams reveals two important useful information. Firstly, through this diagram, one can observe the patterns between two variables which indicate whether there exists some association between the variables or not. Secondly, if an association between the variables is found, then it can be easily identified regarding the nature of relationship between the two (whether two variables are linearly related or non-linearly related). 2. Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation Karl Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation (developed in 1986) measures linear relationship between two variables under study. Since the relationship is expressed is linear, hence, two variables change in a fixed proportion. This measure provides the answer of the degree of relationship in real number, independent of the units in which the variables have been expressed, and also indicates the direction of the correlation. It is known that ____ as an absolute value for determining correlation between two variables. This measures as a part of absolute measures of dispersion, depends upon the existence of two things like (i) the number of observations denoted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and (ii) the units of the measurement of the variables under study. The above relationship is explained by assuming that there is a data set which consists of two variables X and Y i.e., in terms of relationship it is denoted as (Xi , Yi) where I = 1, 2, 3,..,n. Assumed mean method: The assumed mean method for calculation of coefficient of correlation can be used when the data size is large and it will be difficult on the part of the researcher to calculate the mean of the series by using the direct method. In such case, a value from the series is assumed as mean and the deviations are calculated from the actual data to that of the assumed mean i.e., if, X and Y are two series of observation than are the deviation values of variable X and Y respectively. That is, , where, L and K are the assumed mean of series X and Y respectively. The formula for calculating Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation. The above methods derived to calculate the coefficient of correlation cannot be used to calculate the correlation between the two variables when the series of observations are in grouped forms i.e., with frequency distribution. In such a case, the formula for calculating Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation is: Assumptions of coefficient of correlation: The Karl Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation can be best derived with some assumptions. Following are some assumptions on which the validity of the coefficient resides. 1. The value of the coefficient of correlation lies between -1 (minus one) to +1 (plus one). When two values considered in a study are no way related with each other, then one can take for granted that the value of the coefficient of correlation is zero (0). On the other hand, if there exists relationship between two variables, it implies that all points on the scatter diagram fall on the straight line, then the value of correlation coefficient (rXY) is either extend upto +1 or -1, of course depending on the nature of direction of the straight line. It will be positive when the slope of the line is positive and it will be negative when the slope of the line is negative. Telling alternatively, if both the variables X and Y are related directly with each other than the value of the coefficient of correlation will be definitely positive. On the other hand, if there exist inverse relationship between the two values then the value of the coefficient will be negative. 2. The value of the coefficient of correlation is independent of the change of origin and change of scale of measurement. To prove this assumption, we have change the origin and scale of both the variables. When there will be change in origin and scale of the two values X and Y, the new equation will be where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used in the above formulas are constraints and measures change in origin and constraints à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used in the formulas denotes change in scale. Simplifying the above equations reveals that. RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: In research, no one can predict the nature of data. The information that is collected from the respondents may be expressed in numbers or may be in qualitative way or quite often they may be expressed in form of ranks. The greatest disadvantage of the Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation is that, it best works when the data is expressed in numbers. On the other hand, Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coefficient of correlation, as discussed above, best works when the nature of the data is quantitative or expressed in numbers. Generally, when the nature of data is expressed in qualitative form like honest, good, best, average, excellent, efficiency, etc., and/or the data is expressed only in ranks, one has to apply the Spearmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s method of rank differences for finding out the degree of correlation. There are three different situations of applying the Spearmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rank correlation coefficient. When ranks of both the variables are given When ranks of both the variables are not given and When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal Each case derived above can be estimated by using separate formulas. a. When ranks of both the variables are given This is the simplest type of calculating correlation between two series. Here is the case where ranks of both the series are given and no two observations in a series are awarded same rank. The formula is where RXY denotes coefficient of rank correlation between two series of observations X and Y d is the difference between the two ranks and n is the number of observations in the series While calculating RXY, one has to arrange the given observations in a sequence. Then the difference in ranks i.e., d is to be calculated. The result shows a positive correlation between the judgments revealed by both the judges. However, since the value is not so close towards 1, hence, it can be said that there exists moderate relationship between the ranks assigned by both he judges. b. When ranks of both the variables are not given There may be certain situations where the rank of the both the series are not given. In such cases, each observation in the series is to be ranked first. The selection of highest value depends on the researcher. In other wards, either the highest value or the lowest value will be ranked 1 (one) depends upon the decision of the researcher. After the ranking of the variables, then d and d2 are calculated and the above formula can be applied. Following example will make the concept clear. The result shows a positive degree of correlation between the grade point average and total marks obtained by the students. c. When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal In empirical analysis, there is possibility of assigning same ranks to two or more observations. On the other hand, while ranking observations, there may be some situations where more than one observations are assigned equal ranks. Here, the ranks to be assigned to each observation are an average of the ranks which these observations would have got, if they differed from each other. For example, if two observations are ranked equal at 6th place. If we would rank separately to both these observations, than one will get 6 and the other will get 7. Thus the rank of both the observations will be (6+7)/2= 13/2= 6.5. Now the new ranks of the series who assigned 6 each will be 6.5 each. Similarly, there may be possibility that more than two observations of a series may be ranked equal. Here also the same technique of averaging as derived above is applied to get the new ranks of the observations. The formula for calculating the rank coefficient of correlation in case of equal ranks case is a little bit different form the formula already derived above. It is where d difference between ranks of two series and mi (i= 1, 2, 3, ..) denotes the number of observations in which the ranks are repeated in a series of observations. The example derived below will make the concept clearer. Interpretation of results of rank coefficient correlation: If the value of rank correlation coefficient RXY is greater than 1 (RXY 1), this implies that one set of data series is positively and directly related with the ranks with the other set of data series. In other wards, both the set of observations are directly related. Hence, a observation in one series definitely scores almost same rank in the other series. Where as, f the result of rank coefficient of correlation (RXY) is found to be less than zero (RXY On the other condition, let that the value of rank correlation coefficient will be exactly +1 i.e., (RXY = +1). Then it can be said that, there exists exactly perfect correlation between the two series of observations. Here each observation in both the series get exactly equal ranks. Where as, if rank correlation is -1 (RXY = -1), implies there exists exactly negative correlation between the ranks of two series. The possibility in such cases is such that, a observation which gets highest rank in one series is getting lowest rank in the other series. The last possibility is that of rank coefficient correlation is 0 i.e., (RXY = 0), implies that there do not exist any relation between ranks of both the series of observations. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS: When it is estimated by using the methods of correlation that two variables (or data series) are correlated with other and it is also tested that expression of such relationship between the considered variables are theoretical permissible, then the next step in the process of analysis is of predicting and/or estimating the value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. This task, in econometrics literature is called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regression analysesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Literary, the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means a backward movement. In general sense, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means the estimation and/or prediction of the unknown value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. Hence, it is a study of the dependence of one variable on other variable(s). Prediction or estimation of the relationship between two or more variables is one of the major discussion areas in all most all the branches of knowledge where human activity is involved. Regression, as one of the most important econometric tools is extensively used in all most all branches of knowledge like may be in natural sciences, in social sciences and also in physical sciences. But by virtue of the vary nature of most of the branches of social sciences (like economics, commerce, etc.) and business environment, the basic concern in these disciplines is to establish an econometric (or statistical) relationship between the variables rather than getting an exact mathematical relationship (core analysis tool used in natural sciences). For this reason, if, one could able to establish some kind of relationship between two variables (where one variable is considered as dependent variable and other variable(s) are considered as independent variables), then it can be expected that half of the existing purpose is almost solved. The credit for the development of this technique at first lies with Sir Francis Galton in the year 1877. Galton used this word for the first time in his study where he had estimated the relationship between heights of fathers and sons. This study ended with a conclusion that there is more possibility of having tall fathers with tall sons and vive versa. Again it also observed that, the mean height of sons of tall fathers was lower than the mean height of their fathers and the mean height of sons of short fathers was higher than the mean height of their fathers. This study was published by Galton through his research paper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary statureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Regression as a tool: Econometricians use regression analysis to make quantitative estimates of various theoretical relationships exists in the literature of social sciences and management, which previously have been completely theoretical in nature. For example, the famous demand theory of economics says that the quantity demanded of a product will increase when there is reduction in the price of the commodity and vice versa, of course with an assumption that the impact of other things being constant. Hence, anybody can claim that the quantity demanded of blank DVDs will increase if the price of those DVDs will decrease (holding all other factors as constant), but not many people can actually put numbers in to an equation and estimate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"by how manyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ DVDs quantity demanded will increase for each reduction in price of Rs. 1/-. To predict the direction of the change, one needs knowledge of economic theory and the general characteristics of the product in question (as the deri ved example is related to one of the economic theory). However, to predict the amount of the change, along with the data set, one needs a way to estimate the relationship. The most frequently used method to estimate such a relationship in econometrics is regression analysis. As already discussed above, regression analysis describes the dependence of one variable on another or more variables. It is now important to classify the terms dependent and independent variables that are the core of analysis of regression. Dependent Variables and Independent Variables Regression analysis, is a statistical technique that attempts to explain movements in one variable, the dependent variable, as a function of movements in a set of other variables, called the independent (or explanatory) variables, through the quantification of a single equation. To make this concept clearer, let us start our discussion by considering a simple example of generalized demand function of economic theory. The equation (1) derives a functional relationship between six factors (as in the right hand side of the equation) with one variable (as in the left hand side of the equation). In other wards, theoretically, quantity demanded (Qd) of a good or service depends on the six factors like the price of the good itself, money income of the consumer, prices of related goods, expected future price of the product itself, taste pattern of the consumers and the numbers of consumers in the market. In equation (1), quantity demanded is the dependent variable and the other six variables are independent variables. Much of economics and business is concerned with cause-and-effect propositions: If the price of a good increases by one unit, then the quantity demanded decreases on average by a certain amount, depending on the price elasticity of demand (defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded that is caused by a one percent change in price). Propositions such as these pose an if-then, or causal, relationship that logically postulates a dependent variable (Qd in our example) having movements that are causally determined by movements in a number of specified independent variables (six factors discussed above). The Linear Regression Model: In the regression model, Y is always represented for dependent variable and X is always represented for the independent variable. Here are three equivalent ways to mathematically describe a linear regression model. The simplest single-equation linear regression model can be written as: The above equation states that Y, the dependent variable, is a single-equation linear function of variable X, the independent variable. The model is a single-equation model because no equation for X as a function of Y (or any other variable) has been specified. The model is linear because it expresses the relationship of a straight line and if plotted on graph paper, it would be a straight line rather than a curve. The constants expressed in the equation are the coefficients (or parameters) that determine the coordinates of the straight line at any point. in the equation is the constant or intercept term; it indicates the value of Y when X equals zero. Thus it is the point on the y-axis where the regression line would intercept the y-axis. Where as, in the equation is the slope coefficient, and it indicates the amount that Y will change when X changes by one unit. Figure 1.1 illustrates the relationship between the coefficients and the graphical meaning of the regression equation. As can be seen from the diagram, equation 1.3 is indeed linear. The slope, , shows the response of Y to change in X. Since being able to explain and predict changes in the dependent variable is the essential reason for quantifying behavioral relationships, most of the emphasis in regression analysis is on slope coefficients such as . In figure 1.1 for example, if X were to increase from X1 to X2, the value of Y in Equation 1.3 would increase from Y1 to Y2. for linear ( i.e., straight-line ) regression models, the response in the predicted value of Y due to a change in X is constant and equal to the slope coefficient: We must distinguish between an equation that is linear in the variables and one that is linear in the coefficients (or parameters. This distinction is necessary because while linear regressions need to be linear in the coefficients, they do not necessarily need to be linear in the variables. An equation is linear in the variables if plotting the fuction in terms of X and Y genereates a straight line. An equation is linear in the coefficients (or parameters) only if the coefficients (the ) appear in their simplest from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not raised to any powers (other than one), are not multiplied or dived by other coefficients, and do not themselves include some sort of function (like logs or exponents). For example, Equation 1.3 is linear in the coefficients, but equation 1.5: Is not linear in the coefficients and Equation 1.5 is not linear because there is no rearrangement of the equation that will make it linear in the of original interest, and . In fact, of all possible equations for a single explanatory variable, only functions of the general from: are linear in the coefficients and .In essence, any sort of configuration of the Xs and Ys can be used and the equation will continue to be linear in the coefficients. However, even a slight change in the configuration of the will cause the equation to become nonlinear in the coefficients. For example, equation 1.4 is not linear in the variables but is linear in the coefficients. The reason that Equation 1.4 is linear in the coefficients is that if you define f(X) = X2, Equation 1.4 fits into the general form of Equation 1.6. All this is important because if linear regression techniques are going to be applied to an equation, that equation must be linear in the coefficients. Linear regression analysis can be applied to an equation that is nonlinear in the variables if the equation can econometricians use the phraseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? linear regression,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? they usually mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ regression that use the phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“linear regressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, they usually mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ regression that is linear in the coefficients.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The application of regression techniques to equations that are nonlinear in the coefficients will be discussed in section7.6.

Kill A Mockingbird And Of Mice And Men - 978 Words

American History Represented in Stories They are victims. A victim is someone or something that is hurt by some unpleasant occurrence.The books To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men both depict several instances where people are victims. Both of these books tell a story in which the characters live through these tough conditions every day, from having no money to being victims of racial discrimination. To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men convey considerable understanding of an unstable era in American history through common events and lifestyles of people that lived through these times. There is an event in To Kill a Mockingbird that shows discrimination towards a colored man. As depicted in the book, Tom Robinson, a middle-aged black man, was being accused of raping a young white lady by the name of Mayella Ewell. During this specific time in history, whites were superior over any other minority. Tom was being held in a cell waiting for the trial to commence. Atticus Finch, the lawyer of Tom Robinson, decided to take a trip to the jail in which he was being held in. As he arrived, a squadron of cars pulled up. A group of white men stepped out of the vehicles and walked up to the jail in a sort of formation. These men showed up on this afternoon to lynch Tom Robinson. Luckily, Scout Finch started talking to one of the men, Mr. Cunningham. She said,† Tell him [Walter] hey for me, won’t you?†. His son’s name was Walter Cunningham. He ended up feeling bad for whatShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Kill A Mockingbird And Of Mice And Men1004 Word s   |  5 PagesAmerican History Represented in Stories The books To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men were written during the Great Depression. Both of these books tell a story in which the characters are living through these tough conditions every day, from having no money to being racially discriminated. 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Altered State of Consciousness free essay sample

Define Hypnosis and its development from ancient history rituals to present day practices in the medical field. Audience: American adults and college students Hypnosis, An Altered State of Consciousness In the beginning of time, there was a woman named Eve who lived in the Garden of Eden, a bountiful garden with many animals that roamed freely and fruit that grew plentifully. One day, Eve encountered a beautiful, mesmerizing fruit. This fruit was unlike any other, and its beauty captivated Eve. She wanted to eat it, but she knew it was forbidden by her master, God. This forbidden fruit forced Eve into a trance of desire. Eve became hypnotized by the forbidden fruit, so she took it from the tree and ate it! When God discovered that the fruit was eaten, he banned both Eve and her partner, Adam, from the Garden of Eden. Since the beginning of time, hypnosis was present in the human race. Mayo Clinic’s, â€Å"Hypnosis Definition†, which is supported by the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), specifies that hypnosis is a, â€Å"trance like state in which you have heightened focus, concentration, and inner absorption† (1). It can also be concluded, from a religious aspect, that the foundation of hypnosis originated when Eve took the forbidden fruit from the tree of life. She was hypnotized by the forbidden fruit, and forced to change her behavior by performing an evil act of disobeying God. Today, most Americans have a distorted, negative view of hypnosis, and many believe that it is like a magic show, where a person loses control of their body and performs abnormal behavior. Others believe that hypnosis is a dark art where people use some act of voodoo to traumatize and manipulate others. Although these views are overdramatized, theatrical, and quite terrifying, ancient history does show that the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews used acts of hypnosis to please religious gods. Even today’s medical field uses hypnosis to make the lives of chronic pain patients more bearable. Society has a negative view on hypnosis as being mind-altering and useless. However, hypnosis is progressive and useful for American adults and college students who wish to escape the daily anxieties of work and school. Actual hypnotic practices on oneself and others can be life changing. The development of hypnosis progressed over time through ancient civilizations and today’s medical field. Although American society perceives hypnosis as a useless, theatrical magic show, hypnosis has many additional uses in ancient healing practices and present day medical field therapies. The foundations of hypnosis can be traced to ancient rituals of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews. According to David Reeves’s â€Å"The Roots of Hypnosis†, the ancient Egyptians used hypnosis over 4,000 years ago for religious gatherings and healings within their â€Å"Sleep or Dream Temples† (1). These temples were healing sanctuaries where a sick person was put into a hypnotic trance, and additional priests and priestesses would observe the person’s behavior during this sleep-like state (2). The priests would then interpret the person’s dreams and propose needed guidance and healing. The earliest father of hypnosis was a worshipped Egyptian priest named Imhotep. Imhotep used the sleep temples as a psychological tool for the mentally ill. By putting individuals into a hypnotic state, many viewed Priest Imhotep as a god who could cast out evil spirits from the body and mind. Also, in ancient Greece, Greeks worshipped the healing god, Asclepios, within their Dream Temples. In these temples, priests would use chanting to put a person under hypnosis for up to three days. During this three-day trance, the priest’s chanting would relieve the mentally or physically suffering patient. Unlike the Egyptians and Greeks, the Hebrews used a different type of hypnosis called meditation. Under hypnotic meditation, an individual would perform chanting and breathing exercises; they would also fixate on Hebrew letters that would spell out their god’s name (4). During their time, the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews all used hypnosis in varied forms, such as, dream interpretation, chanting, and meditation to cure agonized patients. In John Ryder’s â€Å"Hypnosis: The Power of Trance†, today’s medical field uses hypnosis as a, â€Å"mind-altering state of consciousness that allows an individual to communicate with the subconscious part of the mind, therefore properly and skillfully promoting progress throughout the mind and body† (1). Hypnosis promotes an individual’s mental and physical progress with the use of hypnotherapy, which combines psychotherapy and hypnosis. Hypnotherapy guides an individual to gain control over behaviors or emotions that they wish they did not focus on. Hypnotherapy takes place when a patient meets with a licensed hypnotist or psychologist who is trained to perform hypnotic therapies. According to Susan Krauss Whitbourne’s â€Å"The How-To’s of Hypnosis†, a hypnotist will ask a patient to listen to their voice while they state and implant positive messages within that patient’s mind. Whitbourne further indicates that hypnotists influence a person’s mindset with the use of, â€Å"suggestion, focus of attention, relaxation, and imagery† (2). Mayo Clinic’s website additionally states that hypnosis is, â€Å"a procedure typically used along with certain treatments and therapies to help a wide variety of conditions† (1). This wide variety of conditions can include asthma, allergies, labor pain, chemotherapy, prevention of smoking, weight loss, work and school stress, athletic performance, dental procedures, and mental health conditions (2). Today, many Americans view hypnosis as an illusion, when in reality, hypnosis aids in numerous traumatic conditions and guides individuals to a happier, pain free lifestyle. In both ancient history healing practices and today’s medical therapies, hypnosis directs individuals who wish to control their undesirable emotions and behaviors. Self-hypnosis and hypnosis on others are both ways in which one can control these undesirable feelings and actions. Open Pain Journal’s â€Å"The Role of Suggestion in Hypnosis for Chronic Pain: A Review of the Literature†, states that hypnosis, â€Å"is an efficacious treatment for chronic pain and is found to be superior to active treatments on a variety of pain-related outcomes† (1). Open Pain Journal suggests to both American adults and college students that hypnosis is a superior treatment when relieving chronic pain. In addition, hypnosis can be used for those who do not experience chronic pain, but rather endure the daily stresses of school and work. Natural News’, â€Å"Hypnosis Improves Academic Performance and Reduces Test Anxiety for College Students† depicts an experiment where stressed out college students used self-hypnosis. Marie Carrese, a practicing psychologist in Long Island, New York, studied this experiment and outlined the benefits of teaching self-hypnosis to college students. Carrese taught college students to use hypnosis techniques such as relaxation and imagery usage (1). Not only college students, but American adults can use self-hypnosis to escape the daily anxieties of work. Although society views hypnosis as an impractical practice, hypnosis can assist Americans who experience the normal stress of life. Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that can aid in the positive progression of one’s own mental and physical ailments. Many Americans have a faulty interpretation of hypnosis and its expansion over time. Although hypnosis is perceived as a taged demonstration, it has multiple practices in ancient healing rituals and present day medical field therapies. The foundation and creation of hypnosis can be traced to the first ancient civilizations of the Egyptian, Greek, and Hebrew people. Their use of Sleep or Dream Temples to perform hypnosis assisted patients in physical or mental distress. They all used hypnosis in different forms such as: dream interpretation, chants, and meditation. Today’s medical field, on the other hand, uses hypnotherapy to aid those with a variety of harmful conditions. Some well-known conditions that use hypnosis include labor pain, prevention of smoking, weight loss, work and school stress, and chemotherapy. Moreover, a practical example of hypnosis, such as self-hypnosis, can be used by American adults and college students as a tool to relieve the daily stresses of school and work. Although hypnosis is widely unknown as a progressive treatment for suffering patients, it is beneficial for all individuals who yearn for peace of the mind and body.